Intervention Evidence Database
This database tracks available evidence from nearly 300 mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) interventions implemented in low-and middle-income countries. Utilizing the filters below, you can learn more about where and for whom particular interventions have been scientifically proven to work in addressing specific issues or improving targeted MHPSS-related outcomes (e.g., symptoms of distress, functioning, child development).
| ID | MH/PSS | Intervention name | MHPSS intervention | Study design | IASC Pyramid Layer | Region | Age group | Overall outcomes | Intervention category(old) | Intervention description | Primary study context | Type of study design | Comparison | Data type | Data collection time-points | Sample size | Sample Description | Age range | Gender of Sample | Results Separated by Gender (Y/N) | Ethnicity | Targeted Gender | Indicators tracked (general) | Indicators tracked (specific) | Target outcome #1 | Other outcome #1, if applicable | Outcome 1 - Assessment | Outcome 1 - Finding | Outcome 1 - Sex difference | Target outcome #2 | Other outcome #2, if applicable | Outcome #2 - Assessment | Outcome #2 - Finding | Outcome #2 - Sex difference | Target Outcome #3 | Other outcome #3, if applicable | Outcome #3 - Assessment | Outcome #3 - Findings | Outcome #3 - Sex difference | Other outcomes | Measures for other outcomes | Described coordination (Y/N) | Coordination description | Sectors | Limitations | Intervention sub-category | Approach 1 | Approach 2 | 4W Code | 4W Subcode | Intervention level | Intervention sector | Prevention/Promotion | Intervention length | Intervention frequency | Intervention duration | Provider | Intervention setting | Author | Year | Study URL | Issues | Journal abbreviation | Report type | Details |
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| 1 | PSS | https://trangkathy.com/art-creative-therapy-program/||Art (creative) therapy program | Art/Music/Play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Europe and Central Asia | Children | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Reached 100,000 children in 2 phases: 1) Early Crisis Intervention Targeting PTSD in Children and Teachers (1991), which consisted of creativity workshops which focused on a series of cognitive, emotional and moral impairments expected to occur in children in the midst of war. The program was symbolically entitled "Images of My Childhood in Croatia." 2) Secondary Prevention of Lasting Emotional Injuries in Children (93-95). Titled "Step by Step to Recovery: Creative Encounters with Children during and after War," the program took a 12-step approach to spiritual healing based on Brende's adaptation for a program for war veterans. This was a community-based program rather than a school-based program, and took place in places like public libraries. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 530 | war-traumatized children from Croatia and other parts of ex-Yugoslavia between 1995 and 1996. SS refers to total sample in the follow up | Unclear | Both | No | Mainly Croatian with some Slovenian and Baranja | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | PTSD | N/A--only abstract available, which does not specify | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1. obstacles related to sustainability of the program and replicability on local and regional level were encountered 2. Adaptation to the change in needs after war was slow to occur. 3. The program initially was limited to schools and should have been introduced to public spaces like libraries, sport clubs, theatres, etc. | Structured expressive activities | Art therapy | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.5 Structured recreational or creative activities (not including CFS) | Group | Education | Selective/Secondary prevention | Several years | Varied | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Barath | 1996 | http://neuron.mefst.hr/docs/CMJ/issues/1996/37/3/07.pdf | N/A | CMJ | Journal Article | |||||
| 5 | PSS | https://trangkathy.com/youth-clubs/||Youth Clubs | Art/Music/Play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Europe and Central Asia | Children | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | The implementation of Youth Clubs started in Serbia in 1992 with the aim of addressing the psychosocial needs of adolescent refugees from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Croatia, and to aid their psychosocial recovery and reintegration. The aim of this inter- vention was to activate their strengths. The Youth Clubs have been implemented in 8 boarding schools and youth hostels in Belgrade, which house 2400 students (aged 15-18 years), including 400 refugees. The Youth Club activities took place in the afternoons or evenings, after school hours, once or twice a week, in each of the boarding schools. The Clubs were open to young people attending the boarding school, refugees as well as local young people. The activities usually consisted of two parts: a ‘creative-recreational’ one and a ‘talk shop’. The adolescents had complete jurisdiction in deciding the content of the creative and recreational activities, which generally consisted of communal games, music, poetry, painting and drama or sporting activities. The first recreational part of Club activities was followed by a ‘talk shop’, lasting about 90 minutes and supervised by young mental health professionals (psychologists, social workers, pedagogues), two of them in each Club. In these ‘talk shops’, young people could debate on anything without fear of rejection or condemnation. | Refugee | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 1106 | 1,106 students from a boarding school in Belgrade, 813 boys, 293 girls | N/A | Both | No | Bosnian, Herzegovinian, and Croatian refugees in Serbia | Both | Internal, External, Social | Self-concept, Social connectedness, Symptoms of distress | Self-concept | N/A | N/A | Observed improvement | N/A | Social connectedness | N/A | N/A | Observed improvement | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | N/A | Observed improvement | N/A | N/A | N/A | Comparison was between kids who participated vs. kids who didn't. No randomization. | Structured expressive activities | Recreational activities | Peer support groups | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.5 Structured recreational or creative activities (not including CFS) | Community | Education | Universal/Primary prevention | 1 year (1995-96) | once or twice a week | N/A | N/A | N/A | Ispanovic-Radojkovic | 2003 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Ispanovic-Radojkovic-2003.pdf | N/A | I | Journal Article | ||||
| 7 | PSS | https://trangkathy.com/group-crisis-intervention/||Group crisis intervention | Art/Music/Play | Quasi-experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Children | No positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Intervention encourages expression of experiences and emotions through storytelling, drawing, free play and role-play; education about symptoms. Children were encouraged to use these communication techniques to describe their direct experience of trauma, losses suffered during the conflict, and the impact of trauma on their family, peers and their community. Participants were separated by gender. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 111 | 111 children (ages 9-15) living in 6 refugee camps in the Gaza Strip. Children were eligible for the intervention if they reported moderate to severe PTSD reactions. | N/A | Both | No | Palestinian | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | PTSD symptoms | Child Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI). The CPTSD-RI is a standardized 20-item self-report measure designed to assess posttraumatic stress reac- tions of children of 6–16 years following exposure to a broad range of traumatic events. It includes three sub- scales, Intrusion (7 items), Avoidance (5 items) and Arousal (5 items), and three additional items. The CPTSD-RI used in this study was based on DSM-IIIR criteria, rather than using another PTSD instrument based on DSM-IV criteria, as the CPTSD-RI had already been validated in the Arab culture. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | Depression symptoms | Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Developed for kids ages 6-17 y/os. 27 items, each scored on a 0-2 scale (from "not a problem" to "severe), for the previous 2 weeks. CDI has been validated in Arabic, and that version is used here. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Lack of randomization; no investigation of process of intervention; large size and developmental heterogeneity of intervention groups; no measurement of exposure to violence during intervention period | Structured expressive activities | Multi-component counseling | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.6 Other | Group | Health | Indicated | 7 weeks | Weekly | N/A | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | N/A | Thabet | 2005 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-005-0466-7 | N/A | ECAP | Journal Article | |||||
| 11 | PSS | https://trangkathy.com/structured-activities||Structured activities | Art/Music/Play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Middle East and North Africa | Children | Some positive outcomes | Recreation-focused interventions | Structured activities such as traditional dancing, art work, sports, drama, after-school educational activities, facilitated by young adult volunteers in rec centers on evenings and weekends. One of the NGOs included provision of computers with internet access and outings to other community centers. One NGO emphaseed development of "safe" outdoor settings (eg: playgrounds). Activities were also provided for parents. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 400 | 300 intervention, 100 control children, all age 6-17. 50 children per site from 6 intervention sites and 2 control sites in the West Bank and Gaza | N/A | Both | Yes | Palestinian | Both | Internal, Prevention | Symptoms of distress, Hope, Social support | Symptoms of distress | total problems (internalizing, externalizing) | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): 118 items assessing behavioral and emotinoal problems (parent rated). The Arabic version of the CBCL was obtained from the University of Vermont where it had been translated and back-translated. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Only females showed significant improvement | Hope | N/A | Hopefulness Scale: Youth Version (10-item self report scale). The Hopefulness Scale was translated and back-translated by the Arabic-speaking members of the research team. | No significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Social support | N/A | Parental Support Scale (PSS): 10-item self-report scale assessingsatisfaction with parental support. The Parent Support Scale was designed to be administered in Arabic (Khamis, 2000). Khamis, the designer of the Arabic version, subsequently translated this scale into English for the purposes of this study. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Only males showed significant improvement | N/A | N/A | Yes | one organization arranged field trips to other youth/community organizations | not randomized; comparison communities may have been different in other ways such that observed changes are difficult to attribute to the intervention; intervention was operationalized only as enrolment in the program, no data was collected on level of engagement in activities | Structured expressive activities | Recreational activities | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.5 Structured recreational or creative activities (not including CFS) | Individual | Protection | Universal/Primary prevention | 1 year | periodically | Varied by activity (hours to multi-day camps) | Local Volunteer | Community | Loughry | 2006 | https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01656.x | N/A | JCCP | Journal Article | |||
| 15 | PSS | https://trangkathy.com/child-centered-spaces-in-northern-uganda/||Child-Centered Spaces in Northern Uganda | Art/Music/Play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Recreation-focused interventions | Child-Centered Spaces conducted activities including singing, counting, reciting the alphabet, listening to stories, organized games, learning hygiene skills, free play, and helping pick up litter. The children were divided into groups according to their age (3 years, 4 and 5 years, and 6 years) with activities specifically geared to each age group. Facilitating the activities in the CCSs were 30 Child Activity Leaders who were volunteers selected by the community. They incorporated a new theme each week, based on the children’s ongoing needs. In addition, the CCS camp had a Child Well-Being Committee (CWBC) composed of nine community members who provided ongoing monitoring and action to reduce protection risks to children and also facilitated monthly community meetings to discuss topics such as children’s rights, children’s hygiene, malaria control, and camp cleanliness. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Cross-sectional | 92 participants in Focus Group Discussions (FGD), 176 households from the three Child Centered Spaces (CCS) centers and 118 households from the comparison group | Caregivers, single mothers and widows, camp leaders, child activity leaders, Child Well-Being Committee members, and households with children aged three to six years in Internally Displaced Persons camps in northern Uganda | N/A | Both | No | Ugandan | Both | Wellbeing | Wellbeing | Wellbeing | N/A | Child Well-Being Questionnaire constructed specifically for this population. Included items identified from three sources: fouc sgroup discussions with caregivers and CWBC members (majority consensus), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, CCF child protection team-generated items | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Difficulty at achieving ystematic matching of the CCS and comparison condition in a fluid war zone. This research did not address the issues of cost effectiveness and comparative advantage that warrant attention if the field of child protection and psychosocial support are to become more systematized and mature. Also, this method did not ensure criterion validity, as it relied on self-reports that were not correlated with direct observations of children’s behavior. | CFS | Child friendly spaces | 4. Safe spaces | 4.1 Child friendly spaces | Group | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | 1 year | from 7:30 am to 1:00 pm, Monday through Friday. | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Kostelny | 2008 | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.576.6456&rep=rep1&type=pdf | N/A | N/A | Private Report | |||||
| 62 | PSS | https://trangkathy.com/gum-marom-kids-league-gmkl||Gum Marom Kids League (GMKL) | Art/music/play | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | No positive outcomes | Recreation-focused activities | GMKL is a community-based sport-for-development intervention which took place over an eleven week period. GMKL aimed to use sport as a vehicle to promote physical fitness and mental health as well as achieve peace-building objectives in the community. Each weekend the GMKL participants took part in a 40 minute game of football (single-gender teams) and various peace-building activities. Coaches were encouraged to promote participation and equal game-time for all team members. | Post-conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 1462 | 1,462 able-bodied adolescents (ages 11-14) attending 10 primary schools in Gulu, a large urban center in northern Uganda, in July 2010. The study comprised three groups: 1) intervention group, who registered for the intervention and were randomly allocated to the current season (n = 155); 2) wait-list control group (boys only), who registered for the GMKL and were randomly allocated to the following season (n = 72); 3) comparison group, who did not voluntarily register for the intervention (n = 1,235). | N/A | Both | Yes | Ugandan | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | Depression-like syndrome | Acholi Psychosocial Assessment Instrument (APAI) | Harmful | Harmful for boys; no difference for girls | Symptoms of distress | Anxiety-like syndrome | Acholi Psychosocial Assessment Instrument (APAI) | Harmful | Harmful for boys; no difference for girls | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Participant recruitment was compromised by lower GMKL registration rates and fewer eligible students at target schools; lack of long-term follow-up; self-selection bias due to healthier adolescents voluntarily registering for the intervention | Structured expressive activities | Recreational activities | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.5 Structured recreational or creative activities (not including CFS) | Group | Health | Promotion | 11 weeks | Weekly | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Richards | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-619 | N/A | BMCPH | Journal Article | |||||
| 69 | PSS | https://trangkathy.com/shropshire-music-program||Shropshire Music Program | Art/music/play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Europe and Central Asia | Children | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The program in Kosovo consists of weekly music classes in Gjakovë-area elementary and junior high schools (twice weekly in the summer), which are lead by volunteering program graduates. Students learn to sing together, play drums, harmonicas, and penny-whistles, acquiring the ability to read music and frequently perform at local festivals and concerts. Weekly classes are also held in the Slovene village for children who have lost families because of the war, and a new program was recently started in neighboring Skivjan. The program volunteers are trained biweekly to read and compose music, play instruments, teach classes, read and speak English, and are exposed to time management and employment skills as well as peace and tolerance promotion. | Post-conflict | Case-control (non-random) | Wait list | Quantitative | Cross-sectional | 74 | children age 8-18 living in post-conflict Kosovo. 19 program graduates, 22 who participated for a year, 12 newly enrolled, and 21 with no involvement. | N/A | Both | No | Kosovan | Both | Internal, function | Symptoms of distress, Other | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Child Behavior Checklist | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | cognitive functioning | Beery Visual-Motor Integration Test | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | cross-sectional, not randomized. No local adaption of instruments. | Music | Music therapy | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.5 Structured recreational or creative activities (not including CFS) | School | Education | Universal/Primary prevention | 1 year | weekly | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Gerber | 2014 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0099396 | N/A | TIJ | Journal Article | |||||
| 73 | PSS | https://trangkathy.com/unnamed-hiv-psychosocial-intervention||Unnamed HIV psychosocial intervention | Art/Music/Play | Observational | Community & Family supports | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | Participants divided into 6 groups. Each group had approximately 10-13 HIV positive participants and 6 HIV negative participants. The 4 month intervention consisted of eight 2.5 hour biweekly sessions. All sessions included common activities: 10 minutes for creating handcrafts that would be sent to people supporting HIV work in China and 20 minutes for recreational games. In addition, the intervention included 8 specific components: project orientation; watching videos presented by two senior clinical psychologists on topics related to mental health, help-seeking behaviors, stress reduction, and positive coping strategies; skills to enhance positive emotions; reading cards containing supportive messages written to them by some secondary students in Shanghai; identification and appreciation of one's social support network; provision of voluntary services to some fellow disabled and elderly villagers; sharing of positive and successful experiences; review and summary of positive thinking and experience gained in the sessions and building optimism. The HIV-positive participants and the HIV-negative participants attended all sessions together. | HIV | Pre-post design | N/A | Mixed | Pre-Post | 111 | 75 people living with HIV who were former blood/plasma donors and 36 HIV-negative fellow villagers in rural China | N/A | Both | No | Chinese | Both | Resilience | Resilience | Resilience | N/A | 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience scale, 19-item Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey, 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and post-program 3-month follow up survey | Observed improvement | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | Sample size relatively small for HIV positive and HIV negative groups. There was no control group because study was not a randomized controlled trial. Women were over-represented in our sample and age range was relatively large. Sample too small to allow for subgroup analysis to look at differences in effectiveness among men or among those of higher age. Participants wer a self-selected group, and they had a stong motivation to make a change. Therefore, result should not be generalized to those with a low motivation. More sophisticated multivariate statistical methods could have been used for data analysis. | Structured expressive activities | Peer support groups | Recreational activities | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Group | Health | Promotion | October 2008 - April 2009 | 8 sessions, biweekly | 2.5 hr | Other | Community | Yu | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2012.668512 | N/A | JSMT | Journal Article | |||
| 75 | PSS | https://trangkathy.com/child-friendly-spaces-cfs-in-buramino-refugee-camp||Child Friendly Spaces (CFS) in Buramino Refugee Camp | Art/music/play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Recreation-focused interventions | Emphasis on functional literacy and numeracy skills; other activities include psychosocial activities and supplementary feeding | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | N/A | Children aged 6-11 and 12-17 and their caregivers | 6-11; 12-17; and caregivers (unclear) | Both | No | Ethiopian | Both | Wellbeing, internal, prevention, child development | Wellbeing, Child development, Other | Wellbeing | N/A | Strengths & Difficulties | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Sense of protection | child protection rapid assessment (protection concerns and stresses of caregivers) | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | brief developmental assets profile | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | Strengths and difficulties questionnaire, brief developmental assets profile, child protection rapid assessment (protection concerns and stresses of caregivers), adapted World Vision functional literacy assessment tool. | N/A | CFS | Child friendly spaces | 4. Safe spaces | 4.1 Child friendly spaces | Group | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | Unspecified | 5 days per week, 3 hours per day | N/A | N/A | N/A | Metzler (intervention 1) | 2015 | https://reliefweb.int/report/world/evaluation-child-friendly-spaces-research-report-inter-agency-series-impact-evaluations | N/A | N/A | Private Report | |||||
| 76 | PSS | Child Friendly Spaces (CFS) in Domiz Refugee Camp | Art/music/play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Middle East and North Africa | Mixed | Some positive outcomes | Recreation-focused interventions | Programme includes singing, dancing, drawing, unstructured free play, life skills, hygiene, child rights, landmine awareness and vocational skills for older children; awareness raising of MoLSA-established Child Protection Units for screening and early detection of child rights violations and facilitated counselling and referral mechanisms to respond to cases requiring immediate protection assistance | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | N/A | Children aged 7-11 and 12-16 and their caregivers | 7-11; 12-16; and caregivers (unclear) | Both | No | Syrian | Both | Skills, wellbeing, internal, prevention | Coping, Wellbeing, Other | Coping | N/A | N/A | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Wellbeing | N/A | N/A | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Sense of protection | child protection rapid assessment (protection concerns, stresses of caregivers, knowledge of resource persons, reporting mechanisms and available services) | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | Middle East psychosocial measure, emergency developmental assets profile, caregiver rating of developmental assets, child protection rapid assessment (protection concerns, stresses of caregivers, knowledge of resource persons, reporting mechanisms and available services). | N/A | CFS | Child friendly spaces | 4. Safe spaces | 4.1 Child friendly spaces | Group | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | Unspecified | 5 days per week, 2 hours per day | N/A | N/A | N/A | Metzler (intervention 3) | 2015 | https://reliefweb.int/report/world/evaluation-child-friendly-spaces-research-report-inter-agency-series-impact-evaluations | N/A | N/A | Private Report | |||||
| 77 | PSS | Child Friendly Spaces (CFS) in Domiz Refugee Camp | Art/music/play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Middle East and North Africa | Mixed | Some positive outcomes | Recreation-focused interventions | Programme includes music, sports, drawing, storytelling and folklore, drama, English sessions, dance, ‘knowledge and competition’ sessions and health awareness | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | N/A | Children aged 7-11 and 12-16 and their caregivers | 7-11; 12-16; and caregivers (unclear) | Both | No | Syrian | Both | Child development, Internal, Prevention | Child development, Other, Symptoms of distress | Child development | N/A | emergency developmental assets profile, caregiver rating of developmental assets | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Sense of protection | child protection rapid assessment (protection concerns, stresses of caregivers, knowledge of resource persons, reporting mechanisms and available services) | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Middle East psychosocial measure | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | Middle East psychosocial measure, emergency developmental assets profile, caregiver rating of developmental assets, child protection rapid assessment (protection concerns, stresses of caregivers, knowledge of resource persons, reporting mechanisms and available services). | N/A | CFS | Child friendly spaces | 4. Safe spaces | 4.1 Child friendly spaces | Group | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | Unspecified | 5 days per week, 2 hours per day | N/A | N/A | N/A | Metzler (intervention 4) | 2015 | https://reliefweb.int/report/world/evaluation-child-friendly-spaces-research-report-inter-agency-series-impact-evaluations | N/A | N/A | Private Report | |||||
| 78 | PSS | Child Friendly Spaces (CFS) in Goma IDP Camps | Art/music/play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Recreation-focused interventions | Programme includes music, dance, crafts, health and protection awareness, vocational training | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | N/A | Children aged 6-12 and 13 –17 and their caregivers | 6-12; 13-17; and caregivers (unclear) | Both | No | Congolese | Both | Prevention | Other | Other | Safety, protection and support | N/A | Significant improvement compared to control group | not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Child Protection Rapid Assessment (Protection Concerns, Stresses of Caregivers, Knowledge of Resource Persons, Reporting Mechanisms and Available Services), Locally Derived Child Psychosocial Well-being, Locally Developed Vulnerability Indicator | N/A | CFS | Child friendly spaces | 4. Safe spaces | 4.1 Child friendly spaces | Group | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | Unspecified | Unspecified | N/A | N/A | N/A | Metzler (intervention 6) | 2015 | https://reliefweb.int/report/world/evaluation-child-friendly-spaces-research-report-inter-agency-series-impact-evaluations | N/A | N/A | Private Report | |||||
| 79 | PSS | Child Friendly Spaces (CFS) in Rwamwanja Resettlement Centre | Art/music/play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Recreation-focused interventions | Programme includes raditional song and dance, art, storytelling, organised sports, unstructured free play, some literacy and numeracy; peer-to-peer supported group discussions | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | N/A | Children aged 6-12 and their caregivers | 6-12; and caregivers (unclear) | Both | No | Ugandan | Both | Wellbeing, child development, prevention | Wellbeing, Child development, Other | Wellbeing | N/A | Locally derived child psychosocial well-being indicators | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | brief developmental assets profile | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Sense of protection | child protection rapid assessment (protection concerns, stresses of caregivers, knowledge of resource persons, reporting mechanisms and available services) | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | Locally derived child psychosocial well-being indicators, brief developmental assets profile, child protection rapid assessment (protection concerns, stresses of caregivers, knowledge of resource persons, reporting mechanisms and available services), CFS quality standards checklist. | N/A | CFS | Child friendly spaces | 4. Safe spaces | 4.1 Child friendly spaces | Group | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | Unspecified | 5 days per week; 4 hours per day (for younger children) and 2 hours per day (for older children) | N/A | N/A | N/A | Metzler (intervention 2) | 2015 | https://reliefweb.int/report/world/evaluation-child-friendly-spaces-research-report-inter-agency-series-impact-evaluations | N/A | N/A | Private Report | |||||
| 80 | PSS | Child Friendly Spaces (CFS) in Zarqa | Art/music/play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Middle East and North Africa | Mixed | Some positive outcomes | Recreation-focused interventions | Programme includes drawing, handicrafts, puzzles, games, storytelling, singing, drama, informational videos, life skills, hygiene and community mapping | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | N/A | Children aged 6-9 and 10 –18 and their caregivers | 6-9; 10-18; caregivers (unclear) | Both | No | Syrian | Both | Internal, Wellbeing | Wellbeing, Symptoms of distress | Wellbeing | N/A | N/A | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | N/A | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Arab youth mental health scale, Middle East psychosocial measure, emergency developmental assets profile, caregiver rating of developmental assets, child protection rapid assessment (protection concerns, stresses of caregivers, knowledge of resource persons, reporting mechanisms and available services). | N/A | CFS | Child friendly spaces | 4. Safe spaces | 4.1 Child friendly spaces | Group | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | Unspecified | 3 days per week, 2 hours per day | N/A | N/A | N/A | Metzler (intervention 5) | 2015 | https://reliefweb.int/report/world/evaluation-child-friendly-spaces-research-report-inter-agency-series-impact-evaluations | N/A | N/A | Private Report | |||||
| 139 | PSS | Exercise-based intervention | Art/Music/Play | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Latin America and the Caribbean | Youth (10-29 years) | Some positive outcomes | Recreation-focused activities | Three sessions were held each week and each lasted 90 min. Each session consisted of three steps. The first step included minimum activity with no weight transfer: stretching, and non- strenuous arm, leg and trunk movement. The second step included weight transfer activities and incorporated dynamic large muscle movements such as fast walking, running and jumping. The third step consisted of sports practice. This part of the session varied according to the unit students were involved in throughout the year. In each of the units, students learn and practice specific sports skills. Men and women chose different sports to practice. Women chose dance, aerobics, track practice and volleyball. Men chose soccer, basketball, volleyball and track practice. Each unit was conducted for 10 consecutive weeks so that all students were practicing the same sport at any given point in time during the year. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 198 | 198 students in Chile aged 15; 9th grade classes | 15 | Both | No | Chilean | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress, Self-esteem/self-worth | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Anxiety symptoms. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were estimated using the HADS (hospital anxiety depression scale) instrument (Bjelland et al., 2002). This self-administered test is validated and has been used extensively to measure anxiety and depressive disorders among adolescents (White et al., 1999). In Chile there is no validated test for this population, therefore the selection of the instrument was based on the expert opinion of the Adolescence Unit at the Catholic University. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Depression symptoms. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were estimated using the HADS (hospital anxiety depression scale) instrument (Bjelland et al., 2002). This self-administered test is validated and has been used extensively to measure anxiety and depressive disorders among adolescents (White et al., 1999). In Chile there is no validated test for this population, therefore the selection of the instrument was based on the expert opinion of the Adolescence Unit at the Catholic University. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Self-esteem/self-worth | N/A | Self-esteem was estimated using the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Castlebury and Durham, 1997). This instrument has been validated and used to measure self-esteem among Chilean adolescents from low socioeconomic status backgrounds (Valenzuela, 1984). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Other | N/A | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.4 Structured social activities | Individual | Health | 10 weeks | 3 sessions weekly | 90 minute session | Teacher | School | Bonhauser | 2005 | https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dah603 | N/A | HPI | Journal Article | |||||
| 244 | PSS | Community Psychosocial Music Intervention (CHIME) | Art/Music/Play | Experimental | Health | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Peer-based interventions | The intervention focused on structured participatory music sessions. Culturally and contextually appropriate messages were embedded within the music, which drew from traditional customs. Key messages included: (a) common physical and psychological symptoms of pregnancy, (b) techniques to cope with and manage these, (c) the importance of the participant group and other positive relationships in providing support, (d) the importance of being open and removing stigma to discuss challenges and promote empowerment, and (e) select messages on childcare. The participants were encouraged to join in by singing, moving to the music and clapping. Sessions involved call-and-response singing, with participants improvising along the themes described above. There were six 60-minute music sessions held once a week over six weeks. Each session began with a welcome song and ended with a closing song The intervention was built in collaboration local stakeholders. It was led by local people well-respected in the community and supervised by a community health nurse. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated measures | 124 | Women 14–24 weeks pregnant | 18-40 | Female | No | Gambian | Female | N/A | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Self-report Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20), a 20-item scale developed by the WHO to screen for psychiatric disturbance, especially in LMICs. Its items ask about anxiety, depression and somatoform symptoms. It's been used in other sub-saharn African countries to measure perinatal mental health, but never in The Gambia. The authors do not indicate whether or how the questionnaire may have been adapted. The self-reports were collected at antenatal clinics in western Gambia. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | Peritnatal Depression | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a 10-item scale that was developed to screen for postnatal depression and has subsequently been validated to be used during pregnancy. It has been validated for perinatal use in other African contexts, and used in The Gambia before, but the author state that a validated version could not be obtained for this study. The self-reports were collected at antenatal clinics in western Gambia. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | - Attrition was 20% between baseline and post- intervention assessment, and 33% across all three assessment time points, although there was no difference between groups - Participants were not blinded to which group they were assigned - Participants’ baseline antenatal EPDS and SRQ-20 scores were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the control group. | Music | Peer-based interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.6 Other psychological interventions | Group | N/A | Universal/Primary prevention | 6 weeks | Once a week | 60 minutes | Community health worker | Clinic/health facility | Sanfilippo | 2020 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040287 | N/A | BMJ | Journal Article | |||||
| 33 | PSS | Brief Motivational Interview and Educational Brochure in ER settings | Behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Latin America and the Caribbean | Youth (10-29 years) | No positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | The EB group received an informative general guidance consisting of three pages on the risks of alcohol consumption and possible ways or tips to consider reduction or to avoid problems related alcohol abuse. It was read by the patient and discusses with the psychologies Junior researchers - procedure duration of 5 minutes. The MI group received a single 45 minute motivational sessions, after which participants also received the information brochure, which was read and discussed. | Other | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 186 | 16-25 year olds treated for alcohol related events and admitted to ER up to 6 hours after last alcohol use | 16-25 | Both | No | Brazilian | Both | Substance use | Alcohol use | Alcohol use | N/A | Alcohol Consumption Questionnaire (AQC); Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI); Alcohol Consumption Risk Questionnaire (ACRQ); Alcohol Perception Risk Assessment (APRA); Readiness to Changes Questionnaire (RTCQ) | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | The fact that we did not observe a significant reduction in problems related to alcohol consumption or relevant behavioral change may be associated with short or not long enough observation time. Findings would be enhanced if objective indices (hepatic function, blood alcohol concentration) had been obtained; lack of placebo control group (noninterventoin); experimental intervention implemented solely by one researcher - may bring study bias issues and difficulty separating intervention effect from therapis effect | Brief intervention | Alcohol/substance use intervention | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.3 Interventions for alcohol/substance use problems | Individual | Health | Indicated | October 2004 - November 2005 | once | 5 min or 45 min depending on group | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | Clinic/health facility | Segatto | 2010 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Segatto-2010.pdf | N/A | BJP | Journal Article | ||||
| 106 | PSS | Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) | Behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | Adapted version of the ASSIST-linked Brief Intervention for khat users is the result of in-depth discussions among a multi-disciplinary group of experts on the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test and the related Brief Intervention. ASSIST interview consisting of eight questions on current and lifetime khat use is conducted, and a risk score is derived from the respondent’s answers. The intervention part consists of providing feedback on the individual risk score as well as information on individual risks for health and social life, weighing up good and less good things about the individual’s consumption pattern and discussing his concerns | Refugee | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 330 | Male Somali khat chewers with initial motivation to stop or reduce their khat use were recruited from the community in Nairobi Kenya | N/A | Male | N/A | Somali refugees in Kenya | Substance use, Internal | Substance use, Symptoms of distress | Substance use | N/A | ASSIST interview consisting of eight questions on current and lifetime khat use is conducted, and a risk score is derived from the respondent’s answers. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Positive depressive screening and depression symptoms. Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Cronbach’s α was 0.851 (t1) and 0.918 (t3. All materials were used in Somali language after a translation and independent back-translation process. Problematic items were discussed and adapted by an expert team as well as independently back-translated as often as necessary to achieve correct meaning) | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | PTSD positive screening and symptom. Somali version of Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, "adapted to the cultural and religious background of Somalia." Internal consistency of the Somali PDS was at α=0.86 in the present study. All materials were used in Somali language after a translation and independent back-translation process. Problematic items were discussed and adapted by an expert team as well as independently back-translated as often as necessary to achieve correct meaning | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Khat-psychotic symptoms,; everyday functioning | four items (G2, G10, G18, G21) selected from Composite International Diagnostic Interview based on experiences in previous studies; functioning assessed by asking avg time per day spent chewing khat, hours of sleep per da, remaining hours of day | 1. only screening instruments to assess depression and PTSD 2. non-professional community members did the assessment. 3. used assisted self-reports for khat use amount and frequency. 4. The interviews were not validated 5. did not assess the activities of participants outside khat use and sleeping 6. treatment fidelity could not be guaranteed fully 7. social desirability might influenced symptom improvement answers | Brief intervention | Alcohol/substance use intervention | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.3 Interventions for alcohol/substance use problems | Individual | Health | Indicated | 35 min | 05Jan2018 | N/A | Community health worker | N/A | Widmann | 2017 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1368-y | N/A | SPPE | Journal Article | ||||||
| 258 | MH | Unnamed Digital Intervention | Behavioral | Experimental | Health | Latin America and the Caribbean | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | This was a low-intensity intervention aimed primarily at reducing depressive symptoms, delivered by a smartphone app in Portuguese and Spanish, and minimally supported by nurse assistants. The app content was based on behavioral activation, an evidence-based psychological approach to treat depression18 that focused on increasing participation in activities pleasant or meaningful to the participant that could be easily adapted for self-treatment. Although this digital intervention did not aim to improve the management of hypertension or diabetes, many suggested activities aimed to improve comorbid physical conditions (eg, healthy eating or physical activity). App use data were reviewed by nurse assistants through a dashboard installed on tablet computers (see outline in eFigure 1 in Supplement 2). Nurse assistants met with intervention participants for an initial face-to-face meeting, and participants received a smartphone with the preinstalled app and completed a tutorial on its use. Nurse assistants provided support to the app using the supportive accountability-coaching model. At the beginning of the study, nurse assistants placed 2 mandatory phone calls to all intervention participants to assist with any difficulties and to enhance motivation for using the digital intervention. Additional calls were prompted through notifications sent to nurse assistants when the automated system detected non-adherence. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 880 | Eligible participants were adults (‚â•21 years) who reported receiving treatment for hypertension and/or diabetes at primary care units in S√£o Paulo. Patients who had a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score of 10 or greater (range, 0-27; higher score indicates more severe depression) and ability to read a text on a smartphone screen were invited. | 21+ | Both | No | Brazilian | Internal, Wellbeing, Function | Symptoms of distress, Quality of life | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The primary outcome was improvement in depressive symptoms, defined as the proportion of participants with at least a 50% reduction from baseline PHQ-9 scores at 3-month follow-up assessments. The PHQ-9 has been validated for use in primary care setting. The standard definition showed good agreement (kappa > 0.60) with the other definitions and had moderate, though acceptable, agreement with the diagnostic interview (kappa = 0.58) (McMillan et al., 2010). No further adaptation of the measure was mentioned. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Secondary outcomes included the proportion of participants with a reduction of at least 50% from baseline PHQ-9 scores at 6-month follow-up assessments. The PHQ-9 has been validated for use in primary care setting. The standard definition showed good agreement (kappa > 0.60) with the other definitions and had moderate, though acceptable, agreement with the diagnostic interview (kappa = 0.58) (McMillan et al., 2010). No further adaptation of the measure was mentioned. | Observed improvement | Not reported | Quality of life | N/A | Quality of life was measured by the 3-level version of the Euroqol Group Quality of life assessment instrument (EQ-5D-3L [score range, 0-1 with the greater score indicating highest quality of life]). No mention of adaptation or validation within the study. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Disability; Behavioral Activation, Healthcare service utilization | Disability - World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule-II (WHODAS-II [score range, 0-100 with greater score indicating more disability]); Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale-Short Form (BADS-SF [score range, 0-54 with greater scores indicating higher levels of activation]); Healthcare service utilization - number of health service consultations, hospital admissions, and home visits by primary care teams. | First, enhanced usual care included a safety net for high-risk participants for ethical reasons, which likely improved outcomes in the control group, diluted differences across groups, and potentially rendered more conservative results. Second, these findings should not be generalized to fully automated deployment, as this digital intervention used nurses to support patient app use. However, the nurse support goes in line with task-shifting efforts to minimize the reliance on mental health specialists. Third, this study cannot distinguish the relative contribution of the main components (ie, the app and nurses) to improve adherence or outcomes. | Brief intervention | Therapeutic interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | N/A | Indicated | 6 weeks | 3 session per week (18 sessions total) | Less than 10 minutes | Mobile App/Website Delivered | Home | Araya | 2022 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779828 | N/A | JAMA | Journal Article | ||||||
| 275 | MH | Unnamed Digital Intervention | Behavioral | Experimental | Health | Latin America and the Caribbean | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | This was a low-intensity intervention aimed primarily at reducing depressive symptoms, delivered by a smartphone app in Portuguese and Spanish, and minimally supported by nurse assistants. The app content was based on behavioral activation, an evidence-based psychological approach to treat depression18 that focused on increasing participation in activities pleasant or meaningful to the participant that could be easily adapted for self-treatment. Although this digital intervention did not aim to improve the management of hypertension or diabetes, many suggested activities aimed to improve comorbid physical conditions (eg, healthy eating or physical activity). App use data were reviewed by nurse assistants through a dashboard installed on tablet computers (see outline in eFigure 1 in Supplement 2). Nurse assistants met with intervention participants for an initial face-to-face meeting, and participants received a smartphone with the preinstalled app and completed a tutorial on its use. Nurse assistants provided support to the app using the supportive accountability-coaching model. At the beginning of the study, nurse assistants placed 2 mandatory phone calls to all intervention participants to assist with any difficulties and to enhance motivation for using the digital intervention. Additional calls were prompted through notifications sent to nurse assistants when the automated system detected non-adherence. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 880 | Eligible participants were adult who reported receiving treatment for hypertension and/or diabetes at primary care units in S√£o Paulo. Patients who had a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score of 10 or greater (range, 0-27; higher score indicates more severe depression) and ability to read a text on a smartphone screen were invited. | 21+ | Both | No | Peruvian | Internal, Wellbeing, Function | Symptoms of distress, Quality of life | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The primary outcome was improvement in depressive symptoms, defined as the proportion of participants with at least a 50% reduction from baseline PHQ-9 scores at 3-month follow-up assessments. The PHQ-9 has been validated for use in primary care setting. The standard definition showed good agreement (kappa > 0.60) with the other definitions and had moderate, though acceptable, agreement with the diagnostic interview (kappa = 0.58) (McMillan et al., 2010). No further adaptation of the measure was mentioned. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Secondary outcomes included the proportion of participants with a reduction of at least 50% from baseline PHQ-9 scores at 6-month follow-up assessments. The PHQ-9 has been validated for use in primary care setting. The standard definition showed good agreement (kappa > 0.60) with the other definitions and had moderate, though acceptable, agreement with the diagnostic interview (kappa = 0.58) (McMillan et al., 2010). No further adaptation of the measure was mentioned. | Observed improvement | Not reported | Quality of life | N/A | Quality of life was measured by the 3-level version of the Euroqol Group Quality of life assessment instrument (EQ-5D-3L [score range, 0-1 with the greater score indicating highest quality of life]). No mention of adaptation or validation within the study. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Disability; Behavioral Activation, Healthcare service utilization | Disability - World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule-II (WHODAS-II [score range, 0-100 with greater score indicating more disability]); Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale-Short Form (BADS-SF [score range, 0-54 with greater scores indicating higher levels of activation]); Healthcare service utilization - number of health service consultations, hospital admissions, and home visits by primary care teams. | First, enhanced usual care included a safety net for high-risk participants for ethical reasons, which likely improved outcomes in the control group, diluted differences across groups, and potentially rendered more conservative results. Second, these findings should not be generalized to fully automated deployment, as this digital intervention used nurses to support patient app use. However, the nurse support goes in line with task-shifting efforts to minimize the reliance on mental health specialists. Third, this study cannot distinguish the relative contribution of the main components (ie, the app and nurses) to improve adherence or outcomes. | Brief intervention | Therapeutic interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | N/A | Indicated | 6 weeks | 3 session per week (18 sessions total) | Less than 10 minutes | Mobile App/Website Delivered | Home | Araya | 2022 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779828 | N/A | JAMA | Journal Article | ||||||
| 266 | PSS | Research on Integrated Nutrition, Early Childhood Deveopment (ECD) and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (RINEW) | Behavioral & Economic | Experimental | Health | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | The intervention was a multicomponent, group-based early child development intervention including behavioural recommendations on responsive stimulation, nutrition, water, sanitation, hygiene, mental health and lead exposure prevention. There were three arms: one with just group sessions (‘group’); one with alternating groups and home visits (‘combined’); and a passive control. All participants in villages randomised to either the group or combined interven-tion arms were invited to attend 18 intervention sessions delivered by CHWs every 2 weeks for 9 months. - Those in the group arm received 18 group sessions delivered every 2 weeks in a location close to their homestead with 3-6 pregnant women and caregiver- child dyads. - Those in the combined arm received nine group sessions alternating with nine individual home visit sessions, with an intervention session every 2 weeks. In home visit sessions, facilitators discussed the age-specific recommendations presented in the group sessions that were applicable to the household. Each intervention session included age-specific mate- rial on responsive stimulation. For caregivers with children this portion included a brief interactive discussion about the importance of play, review of activities from previous sessions, the introduction of new develop- mentally appropriate games with low-cost toys made from recycled materials, a local song and activities with a simple picture book. The main aim of the stimulation component in each session was to encourage care- givers to participate in responsive caregiving and create learning opportunities through positive interaction, and to teach pregnant women how to engage in responsive stimulation with their newborn children. Nutritional supplements were distributed to participants depending on age and child nutritional status as indicated by mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). The intervention also included activities to coach participants to identify changes they could make in their own environments.6 Soapy water bottles were provided to all households. | Pregnancy/Postpartum | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 621 | women living in the selected villages who were in their second or third trimester of pregnancy or primary caregivers of a child under 15 months of age. Selected villages were in the Katiadi and Kuliarchar subdistricts of Bangladesh with populations between 200 and 800 households with 1.5 standard deviations (SDs)of district averages. | 13-38 | Female | N/A | Bangladeshi | Child development, Skills, Internal | Child development, Symptoms of distress | Child development | N/A | Family Care Indicators (FCI), a caregiver report questionnaire with an observation component used to assess stimulation in the home. This outcome contains two primary subscales, stimulating caregiving practices and the variety of play materials available in the home. The stimulating caregiving practices subscale has questions about the variety of stimulating caregiving activities that any adult has engaged with the child in the previous 3 days (six items). Stimulation data was provided by the primary caregiver who was invited to attend the intervention sessions. The variety of play materials subscale includes observations of the variety of play materials in the home that the caregiver reported the child played with in the previous 30 days (six items). During the FCI interview caregiver responsiveness and the child’s environment were observed and recorded. This observation scale includes items from the Infant Toddler Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment about caregiver responsiveness and interactions with the child and two items on the safety of the home environment. No information is included on the adaption or validation of this interview. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | Ages and Stages Questionnaire Inventory (ASQi). The ASQi is primarily a caregiver report measure used to assess attainment of milestones in the communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving and personal social domains of development for children between 1 and 54 months. The ASQi was piloted by the study team on 60 children not included in this study sample, to ensure appropriate ranking of questions. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Maternal depressive symptoms were measured with the 20-question Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). Maternal depressive symptoms scores were analysed with the continuous 60-point CESD-D score. No information is included on the adaption or validation of this measure. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Knowledge of lead (significantly higher in both intervention arms than control arm) Presence of a functional, clean and hygienic latrine (no difference between intervention arm and controls) Minimum dietary diversity (improved in the combined intervention arm relative to control) | Maternal knowledge about lead was assessed by asking if respondents had ever heard of lead household WASH status was assessed through the observed presence of a handwashing station with water and soap or a soapy water bottle and of a clean, functional, hygienic latrine in the household. maternal dietary diversity assessed using the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women score, an indicator of adequate dietary diversity when at least 5 of 10 food groups are consumed in the previous 24 hours | * the FCI, ASQi, CDI, dietary diversity, depressive symptoms and knowledge of lead assessments are primarily based on caregiver-report, allowing for the possibility that care- giver responses about behaviours could be influenced by knowledge and social desirability, or caregivers’ mental health status * this was the first time implementing such an intervention curriculum in Bangladesh, there were some adjustments to the strat- egies used to build group cohesiveness and encourage attendance, and intervention modules were refined as the sessions progressed. | Caregiving, Child protection, Multi-component, Psychoeducation, Youth-focused | Family-focused interventions | 6. Support including social/psychosocial consideration in protection, health services, nutrition, food aid, shelter, site planning or water and sanitation | 6.2 Other support for inclusion in sectors | Group | N/A | Universal/Primary prevention | 9 months | every 2 weeks | Group sessions took 45-60 min and home visits took 20-25 min | Community health worker | Mixed (home & community) | Pitchik | 2021 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Pitchik-2021.pdf | N/A | BMJGH | Journal Article | ||||||
| 149 | MH | Behavioral activation | Behavioral activation | Experimental | N/A | Sub-Saharan Africa | Youth (10-29 years) | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The first session focused on psychoeducation on causes, symptoms and treat- ment of depression. The second session explained the rationale for behavioural activation. Participants were taught to identify pleasurable activities and avoidant activities as well as how to monitor their mood. In the third session, more pleasurable activities were identified and participants were encouraged to have a list of pleasurable activities to carry out daily. The fourth session focused on relaxation techniques and participants were taught deep slow breathing exercises and positive imagery. The fifth session was a revision of the preceding sessions and tech- niques. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 40 | 40 in-school adolescents aged 14-17 in Nigeria who had met the cut-off for clinically significant depressive symptoms | 14-17 | Both | No | Nigerian | Both | Internal, Child development | Symptoms of distress, Child development | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Beck Depression Inventory. The BDI is a 21 item self-rated questionnaire which asks about symptoms of depres- sion in the past 2 weeks and is designed for use among individu- als who are 13 years and older (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). This instrument has been validated in Nigeria with a cut-off score of 18 and above identified as indi- cating clinically significant depressive symptoms (Adewuya et al., 2007). The Cronbach Alpha for the BDI in our study was 0.79. The questionnaires were translated into Yoruba the local lan- guage in the study area using the iterative back-translation pro- cedure. This process was conducted by linguists at the University of Ibadan. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Short mood and feelings questionnaire. This is a 13-item self-rated screening questionnaire for depression in children between the ages of seven and 18 (Angold et al., 1995). It has been shown to be valid in several developing countries (Imran, Ani, Mahmood, Hassan, & Bhatti, 2014; Thabet, Abed, & Vostanis, 2004; Walker, Chang, Powell, Si- monoff, & Grantham-McGregor, 2007) as well as among an adolescent sample in Nigeria (Ola, Suren, & Ani, 2014). The Cronbach Alpha in our study was 0.89. The questionnaires were translated into Yoruba the local lan- guage in the study area using the iterative back-translation pro- cedure. This process was conducted by linguists at the University of Ibadan. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Child development | N/A | The SDQ is a brief screening questionnaire for emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents (Goodman & Scott, 1999). The impact sup- plement examines the effect of the problems on the child/ adolescent’s home, school and social activities. The instru- ment is well validated with evidence of good reliability and validity (Goodman, 2001). The impact supplement is scored on a Likert scale from 0 to 2 with a total score of 10 for par- ent and self-rated versions. Scores of 2 and above are indicative of difficulties in psychosocial functioning. The Cronbach Alpha in this study was 0.72. The questionnaires were translated into Yoruba the local language in the study area using the iterative back-translation procedure. This process was conducted by linguists at the University of Ibadan. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | Yes | Between the authors and the two schools | N/A | Other | N/A | 10. Clinical management of mental disorders by specialized health care providers (e.g. psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and psychologists working at primary health care/general/mental health facilities) | 10.1 Non-pharmacological management | Group | Health | Indicated | 5 sessions | Weekly | 45-60 minutes/session | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | School | Bella-Awusah | 2016 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32680363/ | N/A | CAMH | Journal Article | |||
| 254 | MH | Beautiful Home | Behavioral Couples Therapy (BCT) + Behavioral Economics | Experimental | Health | South Asia | Adults | Positive outcomes | Structural interventions | Beautiful Home is an innovative combined incentive-based and BCT intervention developed with input from community partners for the mitigation of male alcohol use and IPV among couples in a slum in Bengaluru, India. When combined with BCT, we posit the intervention will enable couples to learn skills that will support longer-term change related to alcohol use and IPV. During the intervention, breathalyzer data will be collected daily for the first 4 weeks from men using Soberlink© breathalyzer technology that allows for photo capture to ensure the appropriate person is taking the test. A period of 4 weeks was chosen for the incentives portion of the intervention. Participants in the incentive-plus-counseling arm will participate for an additional 2 weeks (6 weeks) to accommodate counseling sessions. The incentive and counseling arm will participate in all activities described for the incentives arm and also decide on a day of the week and time to come for BCT counseling. There will be a total of four sessions covering topics related to alcohol use, relationships, and communication. Each session will last for approximately 1 h. Sessions will be conducted by lay counselors who will be trained on BCT facilitation. Additionally, a clinical psychologist trained in CBT (ST) will supervise counselors and observe a subset of counseling sessions to monitor fidelity and measure quality of implementation. | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)/ Gender-Based Violence (GBV) | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 60 | Sixty couples eligible based on the following criteria: (a) female partner aged between 18 and 40 years; (b) married; (c) both partners speak Kannada; (d) female partner reports male partner has a drinking problem; (e) female part- ner has ever experienced psychological, physical, or sexual violence perpe- trated by her male partner, using standard questions from the WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women; and (f) both partners are willing and able to provide consent. Couples were excluded if (a) the male partner was deemed to be severely alcohol dependent or at risk of severe withdrawal symptoms, as measured by the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ) and the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol Scale–Revised (CIWA-AR); (b) the female partner reported six or more occurrences of severe physical or sexual violence in the past 6 months; or (c) one or both members of the cou- ple feared that the intervention may increase violence. | 18-42 | Both | No | Indian | External, Substance Use, External, Skills | Alcohol use, Violence Reduction | Alcohol use | N/A | Alcohol use by male participants was based on BrAC as captured by the Soberlink® breathalyzer. The breathalyzers were pro- grammed to request a test at a random time within a fixed 1-hr window. For the intervention arms, participants were tested twice per day, and the time windows for testing differed by week; the primary outcome was the pro- portion of negative BrAC tests, defined as BrAC of under 0.01 g/dL. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Violence Reduction | N/A | Violence experienced by female participants was mea- sured using an adaptation of the Indian Family Violence and Control Scale (IFVCS), a culturally tailored scale for assessing a range of violent behav- iors, which has been tested and validated previously in India (Kalokhe et al., 2016). The IFVCS is a 63-item questionnaire, divided into four domains: control, psychological, physical, and sexual violence. Participants were asked about the occurrence of all items in the past month using a scored scale of 0 = never, 1 = once, 2 = a few times, or 3 = many times. A composite score and a score for each subscale were created by summing all items in the scale. The control subscale was based on 14 items (score range = 0–42). Items were reverse scored so that a higher score indicated less personal control. Example scale items include “during the past month, without being bothered by my husband or his family, I could talk freely on the phone or send SMS (text) messages” and “. . . I could wear any type of dress or have any type of style that I wanted.” The psychological subscale included 22 items (score range = 0–66). Example items include “in the past month, my husband or a member of his family excessively criticized me for my work at home” or “. . . intentionally ignored me or did not talk to me.” The physical violence subscale score was the sum of 16 items (score range = 0–48) and included statements such as “in the past month, my husband or a member of his family kicked, punched or beat me” and “. . . threw things in the house when he/she was angry with me.” Scores were created if responses were provided for all items of the scale. These measures were asked at all three survey timepoints. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1. The confined geographic area, sociodemographic homogeneity, and small sample size of our study population limit generalizability of the results. 2. Our baseline alcohol use data was self-report, limiting our ability to understand the full effect of the incentives’ role in curbing drinking habits. However, we did see an effect during the intervention period, with female partners’ reports of confirmed reductions in their male partner’s drinking adding validity to these findings. 3. Missing data bias - Missed breathalyzer tests are most likely not missing at random, however, missing data were com- parable across study arms. 4. Some participants lived in areas without - consistent cellular service and, as a result, did not receive call reminders to take breathalyzer tests. 5. Technological issues with a few breathalyzers that resulted in a few attritions from the study. | Cognitive/General, GBV | Structural interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Family | N/A | Indicated | 4 weeks | Weekly | 1 hour session | Community health worker | Unclear | Hartmann, M. | 2021 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31959030/ | N/A | JIV | Journal Article | ||||||
| 28 | PSS | Case management | Case management | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | No positive outcomes | Structural interventions | A case management model for people living with HIV utilizing both health facility-based case managers and community-based volunteers. To address the psychosocial needs of clients, case managers make referrals to available counseling services, and community volunteers are trained on active listening and coping counseling. | HIV | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Cross-sectional | 247 | 247 adults living with HIV in the Nyagatere District in Rwanda following November 2007 | Unclear, authors specified "adults" but did not define | Both | No | Rwandan | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | Depression symptoms | Unclear | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Case managers make referrals to available counseling services when necessary | No randomization; cross-sectional; limited formal evaluation; lack of in-depth information because conference paper | HIV | Case management | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.2 Linking vulnerable individuals/families to resources and following up to see if support is provided | Individual | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | Unclear | Unclear | Unspecified | Local Volunteer | N/A | Lavin | 2010 | Not available online | N/A | JIAPAC | Conference Paper | ||||
| 30 | PSS | Community-based accompaniment with supervised antiretroviral therapy (CASA) | Case management | Quasi-experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Latin America and the Caribbean | Adults | Positive outcomes | Structural interventions | Participants were assigned a DOT worker who visited health establishments to arrange appointments and inform providers of patient related isuues, monitered DOT, provided clinical and social support through home and hospital visits and patient accompaniment to outpatient appointments. During DOT encountersm workers provided patients and family members with emotional support, health education and screeming for HIV. Patients also received financial aid for diagnostic tests and medication, transportation and nutritional support. | HIV | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 120 (21 patients died before the end of the program) | Adults living in poverty starting antiretroviral theraphy in a health district in Lima, Peru. Enrollment priority was given to individuals who were co-infected with TB or female. | N/A | Both | No | Peruvian | Both | Internal, Stigma | Symptoms of distress, Self-efficacy, Other | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Hopkins Symptom Checklist | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Self-efficacy | N/A | Self efficacy was measured using a scale derived from a sister organization ,PACT, which was adapted from the HIV Self-Efficacy questionnaire as well as the Confidence in Diabetes Self-Care Scale and HIV self management items | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Stigma | Stigma was measured using the Berger Stigma Instrument | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Social Support and Quality of Life | Social support was measured the Duke University of North Carolina Social Support Scale and Quality of Life was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Quality of Life questionnaires (significant improvement for both compare to control group) | Yes | The team coordinated follow-up appointments, communicated patient issues to providers and carried out physician indications by helping the patient obtainlab testing and medication. The research team started a partnership with the Peruvian Ministry of Health to provide this program | Minitry of Health, the providers, the physicians and the DOT workers | -Small size and differences between intervention and control groups - Not randomized so additional confounders that have not been taken into account -They prioritized TB co-infected and female participants resulting in biased results and limiting generalisability | HIV | Case management | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.2 Linking vulnerable individuals/families to resources and following up to see if support is provided | Individual | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 6 to 24 weeks | daily | N/A | Community health worker | Other | Munoz | 2010 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-009-9559-5 | N/A | N/A | Journal Article | ||
| 40 | PSS | Childline Mpumalanga Orphans and Vulnerable Children Support Program | Case management | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Structural interventions | As part of the PEPFAR funded OVC programme, the CLMPU OVC support program focuses primarily on promoting child protection and expanding access to related services through working closely with community stakeholders, by enhancing access to key services with a main focus on child protection services including psychosocial services delivered by CLMPU full-time social workers, educational support, and life-skills and HIV prevention awareness training for youth. Vulnerable children and their families are identified through stakeholders and through careworkers’ local knowledge of the community. The families are placed on a register. Careworkers then work with about four or five families for a period of three months. After three months the family is monitored and can call on the careworkers for help but regular home visits are stopped as the careworkers move on to other families in the area. The core work of the careworkers is regular home visits to the families of vulnerable children. These visits allow the careworker to identify the needs of the child or children and then to work with caregivers to address some of the issues. Careworkers can help a family with income generation projects. They also help with basic health issues and hygiene. In addition they help children with homework, life skills and basic counselling. They also advise caregivers about parenting. They often assist children to get back into school by interacting with the local school. | Chronic poverty | Cohort study | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Cross-sectional | 1164 | orphans and vulnerable children (10-12 to 14-18) and their caregivers, careworkers | N/A | Both | No | South African | Both | Internal, Skills | Life skills, Stress management, Self-concept | Life skills | N/A | A little unclear, but items like having friends the same age, trafficking awareness, and sexual consent knowledge | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Stress management | N/A | This evaluation used two quantitative instruments to measure emotional stress in children. The one was completed by the children in relation to their own emotional health (Children’s Depression Scale) and the other completed by caregivers in relation to a child in their home (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). The idea of reduced emotional stress was also explored through a qualitative instrument. No info re adaptation. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Self-concept | N/A | Children’s sense of self-worth was evaluated through two qualitative activities – one for younger children and another for older children. The younger children were asked to role-play their caregivers and teachers through hand puppets thus giving their idea of how their parents and teachers saw them – their sense of self. The older children were asked to make an envelope with their idea of how other people saw them on the outside of the envelope and how they really were on the inside. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Access to services: significant improvement compared to control group. Social connectedness: significant improvement compared to control group. | Children’s Depression Scale (CDS), SDQ | 1)The findings are not all compared with externally validated norms because they do not exist for some of the questions we asked. Steps were taken to use data from very similar and comparable samples of children living in comparable conditions as outlined above. 2) Budget constraints did not allow for a full comparison study of the OVC programme. In the absence of such a control group and wishing to make some kind of comparison, data collected for the OVC evaluation was compared with findings from a control group from the Child Welfare evaluation (Clacherty G et al) where the same questions were asked and where possible, with the control group data from the KAP study in this evaluation where the questions were identical. | Child protection | Case management | Home visiting | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Individual | Protection | Promotion | Unspecified | Unspecified | N/A | Community health worker | N/A | Clacherty | 2012 | Not available online | N/A | N/A | Government Report | ||||
| 60 | PSS | Ending Sexual Violence by Promoting Opportunities and Individual Rights (ESPOIR) | Case management | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Structural interventions | The project seeks to ensure women and girls access the life-saving services they need, and empowering community-led GBV response and prevention in eastern DRC with the objective of promoting the well-being of women and girls and mitigating the consequences of gender based violence (GBV) by providing quality case management, psychosocial, health and legal services, and socioeconomic support. As part of the psychosocial support provision and as an extension of the individual counseling and case management support Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) has been provided to women who were wither raped or witnessed rape, had high symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD and were struggling to complete daily tasks, such as caring for children or working. CPT groups are facilitated by psychosocial assistants who are supervised by mental health specialist trained in the CPT methodology. | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)/ Gender-Based Violence (GBV) | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Cross-sectional | 162 questionnaires + 41 FGD (unspecified # of participants) + unspecified # of KII | GBV survivors (women and girls), community stakeholders, civil/government actors, UN coordination agencies, key IRC ESPOIR project staff | N/A | Both | No | Congolese | Both | Internal, function | Functioning, Symptoms of distress, Self-esteem/self-worth | Functioning | N/A | Questionnaire developed by outside consultant. Cannot find Appendix 4 with measure. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Questionnaire developed by outside consultant. Cannot find Appendix 4 with measure. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Self-esteem/self-worth | N/A | Questionnaire developed by outside consultant. Cannot find Appendix 4 with measure. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Ability to earn income to meet their daily needs: significant improved compared to control group | N/A | ADMR made 40 referrals to via the referral pathway for other support services. These 40 referrals were cases where there were other forms of violence (i.e. other than rape) experienced by the survivor. This shows ADMR/ESPOIR’s legal assistance provision is well integrated into the referral pathway and that there is reciprocity of referrals which originate from various actors within the referral pathway | 1)There was no baseline data collected at the start of the project8 and no previous independent evaluation done during thefive-year period of the project. 2) The use of the project staff as members of the evaluation team was not optimal as it posed a challenge as far as insuring objectivity of the data collection process. 3) Inability to randomly select survivors from a list of beneficiaries as opposed to the psychosocial assistants choosing survivors to interview. This leaves the potential for selection bias. | GBV | Case management | 6. Support including social/psychosocial consideration in protection, health services, nutrition, food aid, shelter, site planning or water and sanitation | 6.2 Other | Individual | Protection | Indicated | 5 years | Unspecified | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Evans | 2014 | https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00KC8B.pdf | N/A | N/A | Government Report | ||||
| 83 | PSS | Social Work Intervention | Case management | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Middle East and North Africa | Children | Some positive outcomes | Structural interventions | The overall objectives of the project were to (a) provide direct home and community-focused child protection services; (b) strengthen existing child protection networks; (c) empower children and youth, increasing hope by facilitating their participation in community action; and (d) assist communities to transform child protection-related conflict in non-violent ways. The delivery of direct child protection services involved setting up a social work service to support extremely vulnerable Palestinian children and their families. Six social workers, supported by a manager, were employed to work in the three camps and three gatherings using a case management and child-focused approach underpinned by explicit community engagement. | Refugee | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | 222 | Vulnerable children and families in Palestinian refugee camps. Eight children and their families also involved in a case study to acquire qualitative data. | N/A | Both | No | Palestinian | Both | Internal, prevention | Hope, Other | Hope | N/A | two types of hope instruments, 1 for children aged 5-14 years old with 6 items and a 6 option scale (Hope Questions for Children (Snyder et al 1997), and 1 for children over 15 years old with 6 items and an 8 option scale (Hope Questions for Youth and Adults (Snyder et al 1997). Selected because short and simple to administer; have been used previously in Arabic-speaking communities and widely around the world. Translation to Arabic involved back translation and discussion re: compatible meanings. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | strengthen existing child protection networks at a structrual level across the community and increase the general awareness of child protection | qualitative data from case studies and researcher involvement within the target community | observed improvement | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1) hope tool has been developed in a "Western" context based on Western understandings of "goal directedness", which may not manifest in the same way in a Palestinian/Lebonese context. 2) participants may react favorably to questions to please social workers. 3) comparison sample size was small due to difficulties in drawing together a large comparison group from communities where Tdh did not work. | Child protection | Case management | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.2 Linking vulnerable individuals/families to resources and following up to see if support is provided | Community | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | 2 years | twice | 3 month period | Social worker | Home | O'Leary | 2015 | https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872815584427 | N/A | ISW | Journal Article | |||||
| 87 | PSS | Case management approach | Case management | Quasi-experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Structural interventions | Client centered, comprehensive, culturally sensitive, participatory, rights and community based employing a team approach to core reference and case management. Primarily based in polyclinics and PHC centres in high density areas and areas identified with high needs. Core components: 1) Identification 2) Comprehensive MHPSS Assessment (quantitative and qualitative) including identification of goals as the foundation for the joint care plan 3) Referral (active or passive) 4) Matching MHPSS needs and resources to available assistance, support systems and services 5) Linking clients to formal and informal MHPSS service and support systems, helping to navigate the system if necessary. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 883 | Refugees in Syria mostly from Iraq, who received MHPSS case management in 2012 | Unclear, but mix of those above and below 18 | Both | No | Iraqi refugees (96% of case management , no specific numbers for intervention and population samples) | Both | Wellbeing | Wellbeing | Wellbeing | N/A | Mental Health and Psychosocial Well-being and Distress Measurement, alphas between 0.81 and 0.91 | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | case manager coordinates the care between different service providers and connects the person with the services needed (including interagency coordination and capacity building) | 1) no statement can be made on the appropriate transitioning between the layers of interventions and support 2) heterogeneous sample with high drop out rate limit interpretability of results 3) F/U timeframe was limited to 3 months | N/A | Case management | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.2 Linking vulnerable individuals/families to resources and following up to see if support is provided | Individual | Health | Indicated | Varies by case (but training for case management was 3 months) | average 7.3 sessions per client in 2011 | N/A | Other | N/A | Quosh | 2016 | https://www.interventionjournal.org/article.asp?issn=1571-8883;year=2016;volume=14;issue=3;spage=281;epage=292;aulast=Quosh;type=0 | N/A | Intervention | Journal Article | ||||
| 133 | MH | Stepped care intervention | Case management | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | intervention is based on the stepped-care approach, which emphasises the efficient use of scarce resources. The collaborative approach involves three key team members: the lay health counsellor, the primary care physician, and a visiting psychiatrist (the clinical specialist). The 4 steps are: initiation of treatment, management of moderate or severe cases (antidepressants, interpersonal psychotherapy, adherence management), monitoring of symptoms, and referral to specialists. Psychoeducation provided by the lay health counsellor to all patients who screened positive for common mental disorders focused on educating the person about their symptoms, the association of common mental disorders with interpersonal difficulties, and the need to share emotional symptoms with the doctor and to share personal difficulties with family members caring for them or other key people in their social network (derived from the initial phase of interpersonal psychotherapy). Antidepressant drugs were recommended only for moderate or severe common mental disorders (ie, with a GHQ score >7) and for those who did not respond to psychoeducation alone on the basis of routine clinical assessments by the lay health counsellor. Interpersonal psychotherapy, delivered by the lay health counsellor, was the structured psychological intervention chosen. Referral to the clinical specialist was reserved for patients who were assessed as having a high suicide risk at any stage, were unresponsive to the earlier treatments, posed diagnostic dilemmas (eg, an elderly patient who has notable memory problems along with depressive symptoms or a patient who has hallucinations in addition to depressive symptoms), had substantial comorbidity with alcohol dependence, had other associated substantial medical problems (eg, a patient who has uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension in addition to depression), or for whom the primary care physician requested a consultation. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 2429 | Patients at primary health centers and private general practitioner offices who were 17 years or older, who screened positive for common mental disorders using the general health questionnaire and who expected to reside within Goa over the next 12 months | 17 and above | Both | No | Indian | Both | Morbidity, Disorder | Other | Other | proportion of patients who recovered from common mental disorders | ICD-10 diagnosis based on revised clinical interview schedule score | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | NOTE: effects largely driven by those in the intervention group who were treated at public facilities, while the same effect was not seen for those treated in private facilities | N/A | Yes | The collaborative approach involves three key team members: the lay health counsellor, the primary care physician, and a visiting psychiatrist (the clinical specialist). The locally recruited lay health counsellors did not have health backgrounds and underwent a structured 2-month training course. Lay health counsellors acted as a case-manager for all patients who screened positive for common mental disorders, and took overall responsibility for delivering all the non-drug treatments in close collaboration with the primary care physician and the clinical specialist, with the ultimate goal of a planned discharge on recovery. | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 9. Clinical management of mental disorders by non-specialized health care providers (e.g. primary health care, post-surgery wards) | 9.3 Identification, referral, and follow-up by community workers | Individual | Health | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear. Interpersonal therapy component comprised a minimum of 6 sessions with an optimum of 8 and max of 12. | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Patel | 2010 | https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61508-5 | N/A | Lancet | Journal Article | ||||
| 196 | MH | Community care for People with Schizophrenia in India (COPSI) | Case management | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | The collaborative community-based care intervention was designed to promote collaboration between the person with schizophrenia, their caregivers, and the treatment team to deliver a flexible, individualised, and needs-based intervention. Componets included structured needs assessment at enrollment and every 3 months thereafter to develop matched individualized treatment plans; structured clinical reviews by treating team and supervision for community health workers; psychoeducation; adherence management strategies; strategies of health promotion to address physical health problems in participants; individualized ehabilitation strategies to improve the personal, social, and work functioning of participants; specific efforts with participants and caregivers to deal with experiences of stigma and discrimination; linkage to self-help groups and other methods of user-led support; networks with community agencies to address social issues, to help with social inclusion, access to legal benefits, and employment opportunities | Serious Illness other than HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 282 | 282 patients aged 16-60 with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia according to ICD-10 | 16-60 | Both | No | Indian | Both | Internal, Function, Stigma, Other | Other, Functioning | Other | Symptoms - schizophrenia | positive and negative syndrome scale. Symptoms were measured at baseline and 12 months with the PANSS, which has been previously used in India. PANSS comprises 30 items measuring positive and negative symptoms and general psychopathology. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | N/A | To assess disability, we used the IDEAS at baseline, 6, and 12 months. IDEAS has been validated in India9 and measures self-care, interpersonal activities, communication and understanding, and work. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Stigma and discrimination | discrimination and stigma scale, the alienation subscale of the internalised stigma of mental illness scale,12 and an item on willingness to disclose the illness (stigma and discrimination of participants) | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | medication adherence, caregiver knowledge and attitude towards schizophrenia, family burden of caring | 5-point original scale that was developed by the stud team to assess adherence; knowledge about schizophrenia interview scale; burden assessment schedule | No | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other case-focused psychosocial work | Individual | Health | Indicated | 1 year | Monthly | Unspecified | Community health worker | Home | Chatterjee | 2014 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Chatterjee-2014.pdf | N/A | Lancet | Journal Article | ||||
| 198 | MH | MANAShanty Sudhar Shodh: Stepped Care Approach | Case management | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | the intervention is based on a stepped-care approach that emphasises that relatively simple interventions such as psychoeducation are provided to all patients, more resource-intensive interventions are reserved for individuals who are severely ill or not responding to the simpler interventions. The collaborative approach involves three key team members: the lay health counsellor, the primary care physician and a visiting psychiatrist (clinical specialist). Each lay health counsellor acted as a case manager for participants who screened positive for common mental disorders and took overall responsibility for delivering all non-drug treatments, in collaboration with the primary care physician and the visiting psychiatrist, with the ultimate goal of a planned discharge upon recovery. Individuals could be discharged either in a planned manner (for example, recovered) or unplanned (for example, did not return despite adherence interventions). There were four components to the intervention. First, all patients were offered psychoeducation, which involved explanation about the nature of the symptoms; the association of common mental disorders with interpersonal difficulties; the need to share emotional symptoms with the doctor and to share personal difficulties with caring family members or other key persons in their social network; strategies for symptom alleviation, for example breathing exercises for anxiety symptoms; the need for adherence to other treatments; and providing information about social/welfare agencies when required. Antidepressants were recommended for moderate or severe common mental disorders and for individuals who did not respond to psychoeducation alone on the basis of routine clinical assessments by the lay health counsellor. In the public facilities, the antidepressant of choice, fluoxetine, was provided free. In the private facilities, doctors could prescribe antidepressants of their choice, which were purchased by patients as usual. Once initiated, antidepressants were recommended for a minimum of 90 days at an adequate dose (for example, at least 20 mg per day of fluoxetine). Physicians were given training over half a day and a manual. Physicians were asked to encourage participants to meet the lay health counsellor, to avoid the use of unnecessary medications and to provide usual care for any coexisting physical health problems. Interpersonal psychotherapy delivered by the lay health counsellor was offered to participants who had moderate or severe common mental disorders, either in addition to antidepressants or as an alternative to antidepressants for those who did not respond to them. Interpersonal psychotherapy was chosen because of it demonstrated effectiveness in another low-income country,17 and for its focus on interpersonal problems such as grief, disputes and role transitions, which were common themes in the adverse life experiences among individuals 18 with common mental disorders in Goa. A minimum of six sessions were offered. Referral to a visiting psychiatrist was reserved for individuals who were unresponsive to the earlier treatments; were assessed to be at high suicide risk at any stage; had significant comorbidity with alcohol dependence; had associated significant other medical problems; posed diagnostic dilemmas; or for whom the primary care physician requested a consultation. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 2796 | 2796 patients over 17 years of age who screened positive on the General Health Questionnaire (for common mental disorders) in Goa, India | Mean = 46.3 | Both | No | Indian | Both | Internal, Function | Other, Functioning | Other | Presence of common mental disorders | CIS-R - structured interview for use by trained lay interviewers. The CIS-R is one of the most widely used measures of common mental disorders globally with extensive prior use in the study setting. Sig only for those attending public facilities, not private | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | N/A | 12-item WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS II), a brief questionnaire that has been used in Goa22,23 previously and has been used in the World Health Surveys. Sig only for those attending public facilities, not private | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | Consortium of organizations led by Sangath in collaboration with the Government of Goa’s Directorate of Health Services, the Voluntary Health Association of Goa, private general practitioners and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 9. Clinical management of mental disorders by non-specialized health care providers (e.g. primary health care, post-surgery wards) | 9.3 Identification, referral, and follow-up by community workers | Individual | Health | Indicated | Dependent on need | dependent on need | Dependent on need | 3 key team members: lay health counsellor, primary care physician, visiting psychiatrist | Clinic/health facility | Patel | 2011 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/lay-health-worker-led-intervention-for-depressive-and-anxiety-disorders-in-india-impact-on-clinical-and-disability-outcomes-over-12-months/445CA67681EF97907A8FDDF36A116B2E | N/A | BJP | Journal Article | |||
| 199 | PSS | Unnamed multicomponent improvement intervention | Case management | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Latin America and the Caribbean | Youth (10-29 years) | Positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | The multicomponent intervention included psychoeducational groups, structured pharmacotherapy if needed, systematic monitoring of clinical progress and treatment compliance, further training to doctors, and specialist supervision on a regular basis (figure 1). Psycho- educational groups were similar to those in our previous trial, with information about symptoms and treatments, problem-solving and simple behavioural activation, and cognitive techniques. All topics were presented with examples relevant to the postnatal period. Groups consisted of one session per week for 8 weeks (maximum 20 attendants), with every session lasting 50 min. The groups followed a structured format with every session covering something different but with plenty of time for sharing experiences. There was no designated care manager responsible for the overall management of every patient, other than the medical doctor responsible for the group. This system is how primary care is organised in most developing settings. Group leaders who were midwives or nurses with 8 h of training and supervision every week delivered the sessions but had no further contact with the patients. | Maternal Mental Health | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 230 | Chilean mothers at any stage during their first postnatal year in Chile, met criteria for postnatal depression | Mean = 26 | Female | N/A | Chilean | Female | N/A | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. No information re: adaptation | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other case-focused psychosocial work | Individual | Health | Indicated | Variable depending on component | Variable depending on component | Variable depending on component | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Rojas | 2007 | 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61685-7 | N/A | Lancet | Journal Article | ||||
| 201 | PSS | Home care program for caregivers of persons with dementia (unnamed) | Case management | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | Home Care Advisor provided basic edu about dementia, edu about common behavior problems and how to manage, support to caregiver, referral to psychiatrist or family doctor, networking of families to enable formation of support groups, advice regarding existing gov't schemes | Dementia | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 162 | 81persons with dementia (avg age = 78) and their caregivers | Unclear, mean = 78 | Both | No | Indian | Both | Internal, Function, Perception | Wellbeing, Other, Functioning | Wellbeing | N/A | General Health Questionnaire (GHQ): The 12 question GHQ is used to measure the psychological impact on the caregivers’ mental health. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Caregiver burden | Zarit Burden scale (ZBS): This is the most widely used scale in the studies of caregiver burden and encompasses the physical, emotional and financial burden as perceived by the caregiv- er[ | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | N/A | Everyday Abilities Scale for India (EASI): This questionnaire consisting of 12 questions, has been developed and widely used to test the functional abilities of daily living relevant to Indian subjects - of the individual with dementia | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Behavioral disturbances | Neuro-Psychiatric Inventory (NPI) Questionnaire: This instru- ment consists of two parts; the first measures the severity of the problem behaviours associated with the condition on a scale of 1–3 (NPI- S); the second measures the perceived distress of the problem behaviours by the caregiver on a scale of 0–5 (NPI - D). - No significant improvement | No | N/A | Family-focused | N/A | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.2 Stregthening parenting/family supports | Family | Health | Indicated | Varies, at least 12 sessions; more as needed | Every other week | Unspecified | Home Care Advisor, psychiatrist, lay counselor | Mixed (emergency rooms, police stations, primary care facility) | Dias | 2008 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002333 | N/A | PloS | Journal Article | ||||
| 204 | MH | Stepped care improvement program | Case management | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Latin America and the Caribbean | Adults | Positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | The stepped-care improvement programme was a multicomponent programme consisting of a structured psychoeducational group, systematic monitoring of clinical progress, and a structured pharmacotherapy programme for patients with severe or persistent depression.The psychoeducational intervention group consisted of seven weekly sessions and two booster sessions at weeks 9 and 12; each session lasted 75 min. Each group included about 20 participants. Topicscovered included information on symptoms and causes of depression, available treatment options, scheduling positive activities, problem-solving techniques, and basic cognitive and relapse-prevention techniques. Patients with severe depression (HDRS score >19) at baseline or persistent depression (HDRS score >12) after 6 weeks of group treatment were referred back to their primary-care physician for a structured pharmacotherapy program. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 240 | Women in Santiago primary clinics between the ages of 18-70 with current major depressive illness | 18-70 | Female | N/A | Chilean | Female | Internal, Diagnosis | Other, Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Other | N/A | Mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) to ascertain DSM-V diagnosis of major depression, manic or psychotic episode, or alcohol abuse | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS). No info re: adaptation | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | N/A | Short Form-36 is used to assess functional impairment across a range of mental and physical domains. Four aspects of SF-36 were selected as secondary outcomes: mental health, emotional role, social functioning, and vitality (selected because of responsiveness to change in depression). In primary-care populations similar to the study it has shown good reliability and sensitivity to change with severity of depression. A Spanish-language version has been used successfully in studies of depression in Spanish-speaking | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | Psychoeducation group leaders (social workers, nurses), primary care physician | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 9. Clinical management of mental disorders by non-specialized health care providers (e.g. primary health care, post-surgery wards) | 9.3 Identification, referral, and follow-up by community workers | Individual | Health | Indicated | Variable | Variable | Variable | Multiple (social workers, nurses, primary care physician) | Clinic/health facility | Araya | 2003 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17993363/ | N/A | Lancet | Journal Article | |||
| 166 | MH | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Included education about trauma, anxiety management techniques, repeated ex- posure to trauma memories, in vivo exposure to avoided situations, and cognitive restructuring to modify catastroph- ic appraisals about future harm. | Terrorism | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 28 | 28 thai people who're survivors of terrorism | 17-70 | Female | N/A | Thai | Both | Internal, Skills | Symptoms of distress, Coping | Symptoms of distress | N/A | PTSD Symptom Scale - Interview. This semi-structured interview consists of 17 PTSD symptoms that are rated on a 0-3 scale combining frequency and severity in the past 2 weeks. It has very good inter-rater reliability for PTSD diagnosis (r=.91) and severity (r=.97). No info re: adaptation. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Beck Depression Inventory-II, which assesses symptoms of depression. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Coping | N/A | Compli cated grief was assessed using the Inventory of Complicated Grief; this self-report measure assesses the core symp- toms of complicated grief, which involves persistent yearning for the deceased, emotional pain following the loss, bitter- ness, hopelessness, and loss of identity. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yala Hospital, Thai Dept of Health | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10. Clinical management of mental disorders by specialized health care providers (e.g. psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and psychologists working at primary health care/general/mental health facilities) | 10.1 Non-pharmacological management | Individual | Health | Indicated | 8 sessions | Weekly | 60 minutes | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | Clinic/health facility | Bryant | 2011 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21991280/ | N/A | WP | Journal Article | |||
| 221 | MH | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The intervention according to the Stanley et al model[4] includes 3 phases. The initial phase lasting 3 sessions consists of five main components: chain analysis, safety planning, psychoeducation, developing reasons for living and hope, and case conceptualization. The last 2 components occur during the 3rd session. Parents are allowed to participate in the first session. The middle phase of the treatment lasts from 4th to 9th session and includes optional individual (including behavioral activation and increasing pleasurable activities, mood monitoring, emotion regulation and distress tolerance techniques, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, goal setting, mobilizing social support, and assertiveness skills) and family (including family behavioral activation, family emotion regulation, family problem solving, family communication, and family cognitive restructuring) skills training modules. The termination phase that lasts from the 10th to 12th session includes a relapse prevention task that embraces five steps: (a) Preparation, (b) Review of the indexed attempt or suicidal crisis, (c) Review of the attempt or suicidal crisis using skills, (d) Review of a future high risk scenario, and (e) Debriefing and follow- up. | Suicide | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 30 | 30 adolescents who attempted suicide in the past 3 months (admitted previously to hospitals in Iran for suicide attempt) with mild to moderate major depressive disorder | Children <10 | Both | No | Iranian | Both | Internal, harm, perceptions, internal | Other, Symptoms of distress, Symptoms of distress | Other | Harm | Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI): This instrument, which was introduced by Beck et al in 1979, includes 19 items each of which has 3 choices (active suicidal intention, distinct plans for suicide, and passive suicidal intention). Each item is scored from 0 to 2 with a total score of 0 to 38. It has a relatively high internal consistency, with a Chronbach's alpha of 84 to 89 percent. Its reliability and validity have been proven for outpatients. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Beck's Hopelessness Inventory (BHI): This inventtory consists of 20 items that measure three major aspects of hopelessness: feelings about the future, loss of motivation, and expectations. It has a reliability coefficient of 93 percent and a total coefficient ratio of 39 t0 76 percent. The answers are in a true-false format and higher scores on the inventory mean higher probability of hopelessness | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI): This Inventory includes 21 items each one having 4 choices that score between 0 and 4. Higher scores denote higher severity of depression. The Persian version of this inventory has validity coefficient equal to 70%, reliability coefficient of 77%and internal consistency of 91% | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Cognitive/General | N/A | 9. Clinical management of mental disorders by non-specialized health care providers (e.g. primary health care, post-surgery wards) | 9.1 Non-pharmacological management | N/A | Health | Indicated | 12 sessions | Weekly | Unspecified | Unclear | Other | Alavi | 2013 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3883378/ | N/A | IJP | Journal Article | ||||
| 224 | PSS | Culturally adapted manual-assisted problem- solving training (C-MAP) | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The aim of C-MAP is to help the participant in identifying and resolving interpersonal difficulties, which cause or exacerbate distress. The therapist delivered the intervention at the participant’s home/outpatient clinic depending on the participant’s choice. The first two sessions were offered weekly and then fortnightly, and lasted about 50 min each. The sessions were structured around the participant’s current problems, with the relevant sections of the manual helping the participant to deal with problems related to the self-harm episode. Participants were guided to use this structure and approach in future situations. Family involvement can be helpful and therefore family education and involvement was supported where appropriate and where participants were comfortable with this. | Suicide | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 221 | 221 patients who had presented to one of three hospitals with an episode of self-harm during previous 7 days | 14-61 | Both | No | Pakistani | Both | Harm, internal | Other, Symptoms of distress | Other | Self-harm | The primary outcome was suicidal ideation as measured by the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI). The BSI37,38 is a 19-item self-report instrument for detecting and measuring the current intensity of the patient’s attitudes, behaviours and specificity of a patient’s thoughts to die by suicide during the past week. It is rated on a 3-point scale ranging from 0 to 2. Higher scores on the scale indicate greater suicidal intent. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI),40 which is a 21-item scale measuring symptoms of depression. Higher scores on the scale indicate greater severity of depression. The average internal consistency estimates for the BDI are reported to be 0.86; in this study, it was 0.96. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Other | Hopelessness | The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)43 is a self-report instrument designed to measure three aspects of hopelessness: feelings about the future, loss of motivation and expectations during the past week. Each of the 20 statements is scored 0 or 1. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Brief intervention | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | Indicated | 6 sessions | First two = weekly, following sessions fortnightly | 50 minutes | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | Home | Husain | 2018 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24676964/ | N/A | BJP | Journal Article | ||||
| 238 | MH | Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Observational | Health | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | The study intervention consisted of 8 small-group, low intensity CBT sessions conducted over six weeks (3-hours per group) for former Ebola Treatment Center staff with clinically significant symptoms of anxiety and depression. The sessions covered topics such as behavioural activation; reducing avoidance behaviours; identifying values and generating goals related to these; ways to deal with unhelpful cognitions and thinking patterns; problem solving skills; and strategies to manage anxiety. Every session was supplemented by a booklet, which was adapted for the Sierra Leonean context. There was an additional low-literacy version, including more diagrams and images to depict CBT concepts. The booklets were in English, however, the group sessions were facilitated in local languages (ie. Krio) to enhance cultural adaptation. | Ebola Outbreak in West Africa (2014) | Pre-post design | N/A | Quantitative | Pre-post | 253 | 253 former Ebola Treatment Center staff from six cities in Sierra Leone with clinically significant symptoms of anxiety and depression. | 19 - 53 | Both | No | Sierra Leonean | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Symptoms of distress | Anxiety | To measure anxiety, the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD7) was used. Participants responded to 7 items on a 0–3 scale, with potential total scores ranging 0–21. Within this range, the cut-off points of 5, 10 and 15 indicate mild, moderate and severe levels of anxiety. | Observed improvement | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | Depression | To measure depression, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item (PHQ9) was used. For the 9-item measure, cut-off values of 5, 10, 15, and 20 reflect mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe depression. | Observed improvement | Not reported | Functioning | Functional Impairment | To measure the degree of functional impairment attributable to anxiety and depression, the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) was used. This scale comprises five items relating to domains of functioning. Scores over 20 indicate moderately severe psychopathology, and scores between 10 and 20 suggest significant functional impairment usually observed within subclinical populations. | Observed improvement | Not reported | Participant’s feedback on experiences of the intervention | Participant Feedback Questionnaire | 1. The study lacked a controlled design and as such, it was not possible to determine whether the positive effects on anxiety, depression and functional impairment were due to the intervention or other unknown or known confounding variables, such as employment status or urbanicity. 2. No follow-up data were collected, meaning that it was not possible to determine whether the intervention had any beneficial effects beyond the initial intervention period. 3. Data were not collected following each session (only pre/post tests were collecting). The opportunity to track participant progress was missed. 4. The outcome measures were assessed using the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 (both of which are scales developed in the West), without undergoing a conversion process to ensure cultural adaptation. The reliability and validity of the assessment measures cannot be guaranteed in this setting. | Cognitive/General | Specific health topic interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | N/A | Indicated | 6 weeks; 1 time intervention | Did not specify. | 3 hrs/session | Health professional | Community | Cole, C. | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1750800 | N/A | IRP | Journal Article | |||||
| 259 | MH | Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Experimental | Health | Sub-Saharan Africa | Youth (10-29 years) | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | This was a manualised CBT intervention delivered by two trained teachers in the intervention school. The first session focused on psycho-education including features of adolescent depression, the fact that it is treatable, and the need to avoid self-blame for associated functional impairments. The second session explained the basis for behavioral activation. Participants were assisted to identify pleasurable activities for themselves and how to monitor the effect on their mood. During the third session, more pleasurable activities were identified and the activity scheduling initiated in the second session was reinforced. The fourth session focused on relaxation strategies including deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation and positive imagery. The fifth session reviewed all the techniques taught in previous sessions. At the end of each session, participants were given brief assignments to help them to practise the newly learnt skills. The manual is designed to be delivered in groups to enhance cost-effectiveness.The CBT manual’s development contextualized it to include local metaphors and encouragement of helpful preexisting cultural and religious coping strategies used by both Christians and Muslims in Nigeria. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 40 | Participants were in-school adolescents aged 1318 years with a psychiatrist confirmed diagnosis of depressive disorder based on DSM-IV criteria. | 13-18 | Both | No | Nigerian | Internal | Symptoms of distress, Self-concept, Other | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The Beck Depression Inventory is a 21-item self-rated measure of depressive symptoms in the previous two weeks designed for use among individuals aged 13 years and older (Beck et al., 1996). The items are rated on a 4-point Likert scale (03) giving a maximum score of 63. Scores of 1419 indicate mild depression, 2028 moderate depression and 2963 severe depression (Beck et al., 1996). The BDI has been validated among Nigerian adolescents with a cutoff score of 18 and above indicating clinically significant depressive symptoms (Adewuya et al., 2007). It showed good internal consistency in the current study (Cronbach Alpha 0.85) | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Self-concept | N/A | Self esteem was measured using the Rosenberg self- esteem scale (RSES). This is a reliable and widely used self-report measure of global self-worth (Rosenberg, 1965). The 10 items are answered on a four point scale - from strongly agree to strongly disagree (scored 0–3) and summed such that higher scores indicate higher self-esteem. Its validity has been demonstrated in a Nigerian population (Loto et al., 2009) and it has been used in studies among Nigerian adolescents (Adewuya et al., 2007). The internal consistency in the present study was good (Cronbach Alpha 0.83). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Other | Knowledge on Depression | Adolescent Depression Knowledge Questionnaire (ADKQ) - This 20 item questionnaire was used to assess the adolescents’ knowledge of depression including the etiology, symptoms and treatment. The questionnaire was adapted from a previous study (Hart et al., 2014) and has been used among Nigerian adolescents (Isa et al., 2018). The instrument showed good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha 0.79). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Participant feedback | Client satisfaction questionnaire | The treatment effects demonstrated in the study are limited to adolescents with moderately severe depressive disorder in the context of no other known psychiatric or psychosocial concerns. The diagnosis of depressive dis- order with K-SADS-PL was based on DSM-IV criteria because the research team did not have access to K-SADS-PL for DSM-5. The sample size is relatively small and derived from two publicly funded schools. This limits the wider generalizability of the findings. Lack of additional follow-up data means that sustainability of the treatment gains is uncertain. The use of an inactive control group as in this study is known to increase the effect size of interventions. The intervention school did not share with the research team the criteria used for nominating the two female teachers other than to represent religious balance. This makes it difficult to advise on what characteristics may be helpful in selecting teachers for future studies. | Cognitive/General | Therapeutic interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | N/A | Indicated | 5 weeks (5 total sessions) | Weekly | 1 hour session | Teacher | School | Are | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2021.1891361 | N/A | IJMH | Journal Article | ||||||
| 251 | MH | Learning Through Play Plus Thinking Healthy Program (LTP Plus) | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) + Parenting (Early Childhood Development Stimulation) | Experimental | Health | South Asia | Adults | Positive outcomes | Structural interventions | The intervention in this study utilised the combination of two in- terventions; Learning Through Play (LTP) (Bevc 2004) and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) called the Thinking Healthy Program (THP) (Rahman et al., 2009). Primary objective of LTP is the provision of stimulation for early child devel- opment. An interesting feature of LTP is a pictorial calendar that in- cludes 8 stages of development (from birth till 3 years), and the in- formation is provided for 5 areas of child development: a sense of self, physical development, relationships, understanding about the world and language development. The calendar is also accompanied by a detailed manual. The second component of the integrated intervention was the Thinking Healthy Program (THP) (Rahman et al., 2009) adapted for group setting (Husain et al., 2017). The THP manual includes step-by-step instructions for each session organized into five modules. Each module focuses on the following three areas: the mother‘s personal health, the mother-infant relationship, and the psychosocial support of significant others. The THP adopts a “here and now” problem-solving approach. It uses CBT techniques of active listening, changing negative thinking, collaboration with the family, guided discovery (i.e. style of questioning to both gently probe for the family’s health beliefs and to stimulate alternative ideas), and homework (i.e. trying things out between sessions, putting what has been learned into practice) while educating participants about symptoms of depression, correlates and management, offering social support, and giving practical advice on using healthcare. | Pregnancy/Postpartum | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 107 | Mothers with children up to 30 months old, presenting at the outpatient paediatric departments of the Civil hospital and Abbasi Shaheed hospital in Karachi. Inclusion criteria included: 18 to 44-year-old mothers with children 0 - 30 months old, suffering from malnutrition and attending the paediatric departments; residents of the trial site catchment area; able to provide informed consent. The study excluded mothers with any physical or psychiatric condition severe enough to prevent study participation or having any active suicidal ideation. | 18-44 | Female | No | Pakistani | Skills, Wellbeing, External, Social, Internal | Symptoms of distress, Social connectedness, Quality of life | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) (Hamilton, 1960) - HDRS was used to measure the severity of depression as a primary outcome. HDRS has been reported to give valid and reliable results in a primary care setting. It is a 17 items scale with responses ranging from 0 to 4. HDRS has been used earlier with Pakistanis in the UK (Gater et al., 2010) and in two earlier studies in Pakistan (Husain et al., 2011; Husain et al., 2013). Information not available on further adaptation and validation of the measure. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Social connectedness | N/A | Oslo – 3 items social support scale - Oslo-3 social support scale is a short three item rating scale. This scale assesses relationship with friends, family and neighbours. Each item is scored on a 5-point rating scale, and the total score ranges from 3 to 15, with high scores indicating greater level of support. Its struc-ture and reliability have not been well-documented despite its wide-spread use. A translated version of the scale into Urdu has been used in Pakistan (Husain et al., 2012). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this study 0.46. No further mention of adaptation or validation of the measures included. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Quality of life | N/A | Health-related quality of life with the Euro-Qol (EQ 5D) - Health-related quality of life was measured through EQ-5D (EQ-5D- 5 L), Urdu version (Husain et al., 2017). This is a standardised instrument that measures five health dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression) on 5 levels. These are anchored by 0 (dead) and 1 (full health). Besides translationm, no mention of adaptation or validation was included in the article. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child outcomes (diarrhoea, chest infections) | Diarrhoea - number of diarrhoea days Chest infection - number of chest infection days | 1. The study did not get the details of nutrition components. 2. Although child health outcomes were taken into account, the cognitive development of children was not assessed. 3. All the assessments were only up to 6 months after baseline. Long term outcomes should be determined in future trials. 4. Social support was assessed with Oslo-3 item social support scale, a scale with only moderate reliability. | Caregiving, Cognitive/General, Multi-component | Structural interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | N/A | Indicated | 12 weeks (10 sessions) | Weekly | 60-90 minutes | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Husain, N. | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.001 | N/A | JAD | Journal Article | ||||||
| 13 | PSS | Unnamed trauma intervention | Cognitive | Quasi-experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The duration of the program is 3 months, and includes both individual and group counselling. The individual counseling consists of eight sessions. In the first sessions, an extensive intake is carried out, which includes: statement of the problem, social history pre-war, family history, and a mental status exam .This exam includes the following categories: mood, affect, contact, speech, behaviour and vegetative signs. Clients are also encouraged to tell the entire story about what happened to them during the war. Based on the results of the intake, a treatment plan is developed. In sessions four to seven, follow-up takes place. Session eight is the final session. If required, clients can have additional counselling sessions. The counsellor bases this judgement on the psychological condition of the client and what she has reported about her wellbeing. Counsellors also decide if the client may join the skills-training programme after counselling. The aim of the psychosocial program is to help the clients to reduce stress and trauma. In total, 15 counsellors provide counselling services in three different sites that cover seven different villages. The teams consist of three to four people and medical personnel (physician assistants or nurses) working alongside trained counsellors in the villages. Note: screening criteria are unclear but does appear to be based on psychological status, so this one might be geared more toward treatment. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Wait list | Mixed | Pre-Post | 44 | victims of sexual violence during war | N/A | Female | N/A | Liberian | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. For this research, the HTQ was adapted in order to focus on sexual and physical violence. In total, nine questions were included about sexual and physical violence. There are four answer categories: (i) experienced; (ii) witnessed; (iii) heard about; (iv) none. The part of the HTQ that measures trauma-related symptoms was not adapted; the 16 items are derived from the Diag- nostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM- IV) criteria for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | semi-structured interviews of all sector levels | directors and staff of all organizations mentioned, cousnelors, representatives of NGOs who focus on psychosocial, juridical, and human rights preogrammes, state governmetn staff, and the consulting psychologist | Could not trace the women of WHDP for practial reasons, so the complete control group only consisted of CCC women; lack of counselor training and preparedness could have jeapordized results | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | Indicated | 3 months | 8 sessions minimum | Unspecified | Community health worker | Religious Organization | Lekskes | 2007 | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232203932_Appraisal_of_psychosocial_interventions_in_Liberia | N/A | I | Journal Article | |||
| 57 | PSS | Brief Suicide Preventive Intervention (BSPI) | Cognitive | Quasi-experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | Participants received standard post test counselling (as did the control group) with an extra one hour individual therapy session that addressed additional psychological issues related to HIV positivity. The session included feedback on research-bsed epidemiology and the risk of suicide behavior, exploring potential suicide risk and protective factors, expressing empathy and discussing the situation in light of the participant's personal circumstances , providing advice on how to live positively and discouraging personalisation of psychosocial facotrs such as stigmatisation, fear of disclosure and discriminatory gender issues | HIV | Interrupted time series | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 126 | Patients attending the hospital clinic (health facility in KwaZulu-Natal province) for voluntary counselling and testing for HIV and who test HIV positive | Unclear, but 18 and above | Unspecified | N/A | South African | Mortality, Harm | Suicide related | Suicide related | Suicidal ideation | To assess suicidal ideation, participants in both the intervention and control groups were asked to complete a self administered suicide risk screening scale (SRSS) at baseline, after 72 hours and 6 weeks. The SRSS is a shortened version of the Beck Hopelessness Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | -Study's overall generalisability needs to be considered becasue of sample sizes were not large and the population was urban based -Participants shold be followed up for a longer period of time to determine the prolonged effectiveness of the intervention | Suicide prevention | Suicide prevention | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 6 weeks | once | 1 hour session | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | Clinic/health facility | Govender | 2014 | http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/Psychiatry.1000112 | N/A | BMC Public Health | Journal Article | |||||
| 89 | PSS | Hope therapy | Cognitive | Quasi-experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Group therapy intervention designed to create hope. Consists of 8 sessions of 1.5-2 hours each delivered in group | HIV | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 24 | HIV positive patients | N/A | Female | N/A | Iranian | Internal, Wellbeing | Hope, Quality of life | Hope | N/A | Schneider Hope Scale, alpha = 0.89 | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Quality of life | N/A | orld Health Organization (WHO) Quality of Life Questionnaire (Iranian 26-questioned norm questionnaire). In Iran, Nasiri in 2006, used three methods of retest, reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha in three-week intervals and the results were 87%, 67%, and 84%, respectively. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | small sample size | Cognitive/General | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 8 weeks | 8 Sessions | 1.5 - 2 hours | N/A | Clinic/health facility | DoughAbadi | 2016 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/DoughAbdi-2016.pdf | N/A | GMJ | Journal Article | ||||||
| 94 | PSS | Psychological intervention to provide relief of death anxiety and self-esteem | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | A 10-session therapeutic support group focused on reducing death anxiety and improving self-esteem. Few details provided about the treatment aside from the inclusion of relaxation training. encounter group setting, in association with deep muslce relaxation training | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 160 | people who are seropositive and living with HIV/AIDS and people who are seronegative and are not living with HIV/AID | N/A | Both | No | Nigerian | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress, Self-esteem/self-worth, | Symptoms of distress | Death anxiety/emotional | Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), a true-false instrument developed by Templer (1970) to measure death anxiety. It has a good concurrent validity of .74 with the Fear of Death Scale (Templer, 1983), and also a concurrent validity of .45 with Fear of Personal Death Scale (FPD) (Adebakin, 1990). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Self-esteem/self-worth | N/A | Index of Self-Esteem scale a 25 –item Likert-type test instrument designed by Hudson (1982) to measure the degree, severity or magnitude of problems of self esteem. The ISE has a mean alpha coefficient of .93, stability with test-retest correlation of .92 and it is a culture fair test. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Cognitive/General | Multi-component counseling | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.6 Other | Individual | Health | Universal/Primary prevention | N/A | N/A | Health professional | N/A | Akindele | 2016 | https://search.proquest.com/openview/c34b71b8493a0fd4c5271c6dd5bc32a3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=28639 | N/A | IFEP | Journal Article | ||||||
| 96 | PSS | Supportive counseling program | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | A non-specific counseling program of 6-12 sessions depending on client needs. Session 1 included preparation and engagement. A series of 4-10 "response" sessions incorporated elements from any of 9 techniques dependent on particular client needs: psychoeducation, treatment planning, empowerment, motivation, crisis management, medication management, strength building, stress reduction, and advocacy. A concluding session focused on exploring progress made, consolidation of skills, and planning for the future. | Torture | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Qualitative | Pre-Post | 209 | adults with exposure to trauma and significant distress and functional impairment | N/A | Both | No | Kurd | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | depressive symptoms and dysfunction | Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Used DIME approach to adapt and validate instruments. Added 5 items to depression measure | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | post-traumatic stress, traumatic grief, anxiety symptoms | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and Inventory of Truamatic Grief. Used DIME approach to adapt and validate instruments. Added 7 items to ptsd measure | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Inventory for Traumatic Grief. Used DIME approach to adapt and validate instruments. Added 1 tems to grief measure | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Therapeutic alliance | N/A | Yes | Department of Health in the Dohuk governorate, The Health Association of Kurdistan | Possible that improvements were due to attention; controls may have reported more distress at follow-up than intervention participants; differences in cultural definitions of counseling. participants were chosen on the basis of significant levels of depressive symtpoms so the results may not represent the typical target population which was originially designed to be a referral program for clients with a wider range of presenting problems; unable to assess if the effects seen following counseling were sustained, due to a lack of long-term follow-up | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 1 year | 6-10 sessions depending on progress | N/A | Community health worker | Clinic/health facility | Bass | 2016 | http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00017 | N/A | GHSPS | Journal Article | |||
| 100 | PSS | ASSIST-linked brief intervention | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Latin America and the Caribbean | Adults | No positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | This intervention is based on the FRAMES (Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu Options, Empathy and Self-Efficacy) model, which provides specific feedback, offers a menu of options, and enhances motivation to change.Those in the control group received a pamphlet of their own choosing, containing broad information on substance use risk and harm. They did not receive the ASSIST-linked BI during the duration of the trial. | Other | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 806 | 806 adults between 19 and 55 | 19-55 | Both | No | Chilean | Both | Substance use | Substance use | Substance use | N/A | The primary outcome was the change in total alcohol and illicit substance involvement score (ASSIST–AI) between baseline and 3-month follow-up, calculated by adding up the responses to questions 1–8 for all substances except tobacco. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Substance use | N/A | ASSIST specific substance involvement scores for the three main substances: alcohol, cannabis and cocaine, calculated by adding up the responses to questions 2–7 within each substance class. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Three different settings: health centers, low complexity Ers, police stations. Low proportion of cocaine users. High attrition. | Brief intervention | Substance use | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | N/A | 1 session | 1 session | 1 session (18 minutes on average) | Health professional | Mixed (emergency rooms, police stations, primary care facility) | Poblete | 2017 | https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13808 | N/A | Addiction | Journal Article | ||||||
| 112 | PSS | Adaptive coping enhancement intervention | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Individuals in the intervention group participated in four weekly two-hour sessions of a coping enhancement group intervention program. Lazarus and Folkman’s coping theory (Folkman et al., 1991), used to guide this intervention, emphasizes the roles of cognitive appraisal and coping behavior in the coping process (Park et al., 2001). Session 1: Build group cohesion and conduct stress reappraisal of life events. Session 2: enhance emotional management skills. Session 3: Cognitive reappraisal of adversity. Session 4: enhance social support seeking skills and increase self-efficacy for overcoming disease-related stressors | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 60 | 60 HIV-infected MSM | 18-40 | Male | N/A | Chinese | Skills, Resilence, Internal | Coping, Resilience, Symptoms of distress | Coping | N/A | Ways of Coping Checklist‒Revised (WCC) (Vitaliano et al., 1985) to assess participants’ behavioral and cognitive responses to stressful situations. The WCC is a 41-item scale with two subscales. Participants rated use of coping strategies in the face of stressful situations on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Internal consistency for the problem-focused coping strategy subscale and the emotion-focused coping strategy subscale was 0.92 and 0.85, respectively. Sig for emotion-focused coping, not problem-focused coping | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Resilience | Post-traumatic growth | 21-item Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) was used to assess the characteristics of positive changes in adversity (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). It contains five subscales: relating to others, personal strength, new possibilities, appreciation of life, and spiritual change. The subscale on spiritual change with two items was omitted from the assessment protocol because previous studies had shown that asking spiritual questions of Chinese participants is inappropriate (Yu et al., 2010; Zhang, Wang et al., 2013). Participants rated their growth after HIV diagnosis on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much). In this study, internal consistency for the PTGI was 0.95. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | e Impact of Events Scale (IES) (Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979) was used to assess PTSD after HIV diagnosis. It consists of 15 items, seven on intrusion and eight on avoidance. The IES is a widely used, psychometrically reliable, and valid self-report measure of PTSD across various contexts (Sikkema et al., 2007). Participants rated frequency of PTSD experience during the previous seven days on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (often). Internal consistency for the IES was 0.91 in this study. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | e sample size was small, and most of participants were young, single, and well-educated; so the intervention results may not be generalizable to other HIV-infected Chinese MSM. Examined only the immediate postintervention effect instead of the follow-up effect. | Coping | Multi-component counseling | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | N/A | 4 weeks | 4 weekly sessions | 8 hours total (2 each) | Unclear (trained facilitators) | Unclear | Ye | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2017.1417534 | N/A | AIDS Care | Journal Article | |||||||
| 122 | PSS | Motivational interviewing | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | The intervention consisted of a single brief MI session by a trained clinician lasting approximately 30 minutes. AMHF clinicians used MI to encourage motivation for change on participants’ alcohol use patterns while dealing with resistance in an empathic style. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a type of brief intervention that uses open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening and summarizing as key tools. MI has been shown to treat a range of problem behaviors, including AUDs, by helping patients identify and address ambivalence towards changing behaviors. MI is delivered in a communicative style promoting autonomy and self-efficacy. | Other | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 300 | 300 adults w/ substance use problems | N/A | Both | No | Kenyan | Both | Risk | Risk-taking | Risk-taking | N/A | The AUDIT [65] is a widely used instrument that identifies risky or harmful alcohol consumption and alcohol. dependence and provides a framework for intervention to help hazardous drinkers reduce or stop alcohol consumption and avoid the harmful consequences of their drinking [67]. It has good psychometric properties when used in both developed and developing countries. The authors, three of the health center staff, and a group of community members met three times and took pictures of commercially produced and home-brewed alcohol (beer and spirits) that was frequently consumed in the area. These images were included on the AUDIT to make it relevant to the local context. It was not possible to convert the home-brewed alcohol into standard units, as no information was available on alcohol content. The English AUDIT questions were translated into Kiswahili (the national language) and Kikamba (the local language) by a trained translator fluent in all three languages, making sure the questions were well understood in the Kenyan cultural context. The AUDIT was then back-translated into English by another trained translator fluent in all three languages and reviewed by the research team and community members to ensure that no meaning was lost. The final versions were pre-tested with community members. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | did not re-test the psychometric properties of our translated AUDIT in this study; however, the original AUDIT was developed in a Kenyan sample | Brief intervention | Alcohol/substance use intervention | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.3 Interventions for alcohol/substance use problems | Individual | N/A | 1 session | 1 session once | 30 minutes | Health professional | Other (online, in person at health/clinic) | Harder | 2019 | https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14903 | N/A | Addiction | Journal Article | ||||||
| 135 | PSS | memory specificity training (MEST) | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Youth (10-29 years) | Positive outcomes | Other | Five weekly 80-min group sessions focused on enhancing memory. Session 1 included the aims and outline of MEST. At the beginning of this session, the definition and importance of key terms, such as autobiographical memory and recall, and the three types of autobiographical memory (specific, extended, and categoric) were explained. Session 2 commenced with a review of Session 1 and homework. The group then was prompted to give positive cue words. These words were written on the whiteboard, and par- ticipants were asked to provide a specific memory for each of the cue words. If one of the participants recalled a nonspecific memory, the type of the memory (i.e., categoric or extended) was clarified, and the participants were prompted to recall spe- cific memories. Sessions 3 and 4 were very similar to Session 2, as were the associated homework tasks. Session 5 was again similar to previous sessions. The dis- tinction between different types of autobiographical memory recall was practiced with positive, negative, and neutral cue words, and the difference between a memory and a nonmem- ory was clarified. | Post-conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 23 | Afghan refugee adolescents in Whom, Iran, who met criteria for major depression disorder based on the Mood and Feeling Questionnaire | Mean age = 14.88, sd = 1.89 | Both | No | Afghan | Both | Internal, other | Symptoms of distress, Other | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Mood and Feeling Questionnaire, a 32-item questionnaire based on criteria for depression. It consists of a series of descriptive phrases regarding how the participant has been feeling or acting, and the adolescent rates whether the phrase was descriptive of most of the time, sometimes, or not at all in the past 2 weeks. The reliability and validity of the Persian measure has been found to be good (Neshat-Doost et al., 2006). In the current study, internal consistency was high (α = .92). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Other | Autobiographical memory | Autobiographical Memory Task, is the gold-standard test of memory specificity, and the version presented here was identi- cal to that prototypically employed in the existing research.Participants were presented with cue words (pos, neg, neutral), and given 30s to retrieve a specific memory. Specific memories were defined as events that lasted for a day or less. Nonspecific memories were coded as extended (events that lasted for lon- ger periods of time) or categoric (events that occurred repeat- edly over a period of time) memories, in line with the previous literature (Williams et al., 2007); these data are presented in the Results section. If a participant failed to recall a memory or talked about things that were not memories, the response was classified as “no memory.” | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Other | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | 5 sessions | Weekly | 80 minute sessions | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | School | Neshat-Doost | 2012 | https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702612454613 | N/A | CPS | Journal Article | |||||
| 186 | PSS | Group Problem Solving Therapy | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Youth (10-29 years) | Positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | Group format and content were modeled after a 7-step management plan for depression published by Abbas et al. (1994). The content provided information about symptoms and causes of depression, available treatment options, guidelines on "asking questions," "listening and talking," assessment of suicidal risk, involvement of culturally appropriate family members in problem solving, exploring community resources and support systems, and follow-up. All issues were discussed with examples relevant to the postpartum period. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Pre-post | 58 | 58 postpartum mothers with postnatal depression in Zimbabwe with and without HIV | Mean = 24-25 | Female | N/A | Zimbabwean | Female | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The scale has been validated in the setting for screening depression and has a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 87% with a positive predictive value of 74% and a negative predictive value of 94%. Depression was defined by a cutoff score of 11 or above. No further information provided. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | Researchers, 2 urban primary clinic in Chitungwiza | Small sample size, no long-term follow-up | Psychosocial structured activities | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Group | Health | Indicated | 6 weeks | Twice weekly | 60 minutes/session | Peer | Clinic/health facility | Chibanda | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1177/2325957413495564 | N/A | HCM | Journal Article | |||
| 187 | PSS | Unnamed counseling intervention | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | Unclear. Counselors were trained on basic information regarding anxiety/depression, stress/anger management, and communication/counseling skills. Communication covered active listening, probing, and feedback, whereas counseling dealt with supportive, problem-solving, and cognitive-behavioral techniques. Unclear what counseling for the women actually looked like. | Urbanization/cultural change | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 366 | 366 anxious and/or depressed women in a lower-middle class, semi-urban community in Karachi, Pakistan | Unclear, 18+ | Female | N/A | Pakistani | Female | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Aga Khan university Depression and Anxiety Scale (AKUADS), an indigenous screening scale developed from complaints of patients with anxiety and/or depression recorded verbatim in Urdu, the national language. AKUADS has been validated in a community setting, keeping psychiatrists' evaluation as the gold standard. It has been compared with the Self-reporting Questionnaire, and is being used in other studies in Pakistan. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Cognitive/General | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | Indicated | 8 weeks | Weekly | Unspecified | Peer | Home | Ali | 2003 | https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.3.324 | N/A | AJP | Journal Article | ||||
| 190 | PSS | Structured psychoeducation program | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | The structured psychoeducation included modules on understanding the illness, treatment, prevention of relapse, handling crisis and healthy lifestyle – diet and exercise. The trained staff then delivered the modules of five lectures, each meant to be about an hour in duration, to caregivers over a period of 2 weeks using audio visual aids such as power point presentations, charts or booklets. Caregivers were encouraged to participate actively and clarification of any uncertainty was done. | N/A | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | N/A | 109 | 109 caregivers to patients with schizophrenia in Malaysia | Unclear, mostly people 40+ | Both | No | Malay | Other | Other | Other | Knowledge about schizophrenia | Change in knowledge of caregivers was measured by the pretest and post-test knowledge scores (scores 0–20). The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions covering all five components of the psychoeducation module, and has not been validated. | Observed improvement | N/A | Other | Caregiver burden | Change in caregivers’ burden was measured by the corresponding FBIS scores. In FBIS, there are five sections i.e. Section A: assistance in daily living, severity (scores 7–35) and burden (scores 7–28), Section B: supervision module, severity (scores 5–25) and burden (5–20), Section C: financial expendi- tures module, severe debt and financial burden (scores 1–5), Section D: impact on daily routines module for past 1 month (scores 4–20) and Section E: worry (scores 7–35). Lower scores in Sections A, B and D show reduced burden and severity whereas higher scores in Sections C and E show reduced severity and burden. | Observed improvement | N/A | Other | Readmission | N/A | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Psychoeducation | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.5 Individual or group psychological debriefing | Group | Health | Indicated | 2 weeks | Unknown (5 sessions total) | 1 hour session | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Paranthaman | 2010 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23050889/ | N/A | AJP | Journal Article | |||||
| 206 | PSS | Penn prevention Program | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | East Asia and Pacific | Children | Positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | Enhance participants' resilience in the face of negative life events by training them to challenge pessimistic causal explanations and to augment competence by teaching them coping strategies | N/A | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 220 | Students from elementary and high schools affiliated with Peking University | 8-15 | Both | No | Chinese | Both | Internal, other | N/A | Symptoms of distress, Other | Symptoms of distress | The Children's Depression Inventory. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) is a 27-item self-report measure of severity of depressive symptoms (Kovacs, 1992). The CDI has demonstrated satisfactory levels o f reliability and validity in the United States as well as in mainland China (Chen et al., 1995; Dong et al., 1993). Internal consistency of the CDI (Cronbach's alpha) ranges from 0.81 to 0.89 in various studies in China T.he questionnaires were translated into Chinese by the first and the third authors who are fluent in both Chinese and English. The Chinese measures were back- translated by two Chinese students at the University of Pennsylvania. The back-translated versions were compared to the originals. Modifications were made to accommodate the text to the Chinese culture. In addition, a group of 20 children in Beijing were recruited. These children were asked to complete the questionnaires and to report any questionnaire item which they felt difficult to understand. Children’s feedback was considered to rule out potential confusions. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Explanatory style | The Children's Attributional Style Questionnairei s a 48-item forced choice questionnaire which assesses explanatory style for both positive and negative life events. CASQ subscales (i.e., internal vs. external, stable vs. unstable, global vs. specific) possessed modest reliability. Higher reliability was found by combining the subscales to form a composite score. Alpha = 0.45-0.66 | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Cognitive/General | N/A | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group | Health | Indicated | 10 weeks | Weekly | 2 hour sessions | Teacher | School | Yu | 1999 | https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9953624/ | N/A | Dissertation | Private report | ||||
| 218 | PSS | Cognitive stimulation therapy | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Latin America and the Caribbean | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | CST aims to mentally stimulate people with dementia through psychological techniques (e.g., implicit learning and multi sensory stimulation) during a 14 session group intervention. All sessions begin with the group son, followed by a warm up exercise and a main activity based on that week's theme (e.g., food). | Dementia | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 52 | 52 outpatient participants attending a center for Alzheimer's disease | 60-91 | Both | No | Brazilian | Both | Function, Internal, Function | Functioning, Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Functioning | N/A | Cognitive functioning was assessed using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog). the subscale uses 11 tasks to evaluate cognitive domains such as memory, language, praxis, and command understanding, with higher scores indicating lower performance. No info re: adaptation/validation, but author states that validated Brazilian versions were used. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Depression was assessed using the Cornell Scale for depression in dementia. This is a 19‐item interview evaluating current mood based on observed symptoms and signs occurring the week before interview, corrobo- rated by an informant. Higher scores indicate higher depressive symptomatology. No info re: adaptation/validation, but author states that validated Brazilian versions were used. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Functioning | N/A | The ADCS‐ADL scale was used to measure the competence of PwD in basic and instrumental activities of daily living. The scale has 24 items, with informants selecting the most appropriate option regarding the person's level of ability. No info re: adaptation/validation, but author states that validated Brazilian versions were used. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Quality of life; caregiver burden | Quality of life - Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease Scale - no significant effect; caregiver burden - Zarit Burden Interview - No significant effect | No | N/A | Community capacity | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Group | Health | Indicated | 14 sessions | Twice weekly | 45 minutes | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Marinho | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5421 | N/A | IJGP | Journal Article | ||||
| 219 | PSS | Cognitive therapy | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | East Asia and Pacific | Mixed | No positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Cognitive therapy should help patients to develop adaptive ways of dealing with stress (Brown et al., 2005), thinking and behaving dur- ing periods of acute emotional distress, instead of engaging in suicidal behavior (Berk et al., 2004). It also assisted pa- tients in increasing their contact with existing social sup- ports such as family and friend (Berk et al., 2004). | Suicide | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | N/A | 239 | 239 who presented to an emergency room after having had a suicide attempt | 15+, average = ~32 | Both | No | Chinese | Both | Internal, harm, wellbeing, internal | Symptoms of distress, Other, Wellbeing | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. No info re: adaptation | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Other | Harm | Beck 19-item Scale of Suicide Ideation; evaluates the patients' attitudes, behaviors, and plans to commit suicide. No info re: adaptation. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Wellbeing | N/A | A quality of life scale covering the month prior to the attempt. Respondents assessed six characteristics of the attempter (physical health, psychological health, economic circumstances, work, family relationships and re- lationships with no family associates) on a scale of 1 (very poor) to 5 (excellent). | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Cognitive/General | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | Indicated | 10 sessions | Differs depending on individual need: weekly, biweekly, or as needed | 45-60 minutes | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | Clinic/health facility | Wei | 2013 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23261916/ | N/A | Crisis | Journal Article | ||||
| 223 | PSS | Problem-Solving Counseling | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Youth (10-29 years) | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | In this study the six-step approach suggested by Andrews and Hunt was adopted. The six steps were: identification of the problem, listing out all possible solutions, assessing each possible solution, selecting the suitable or most practical solution, planning how to carry out the best solution, and reviewing the progress. | Suicide | Case-control (non-random) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 124 | 124 adolescents and young adults who were admitted to the Sri Lankan hospital for suicide attempt | 15-24 | Both | No | Sri Lankan | Both | Harm, internal | Other, Life skills | Other | Self-harm | In the initial assessment, the suicide intent of the patient was measured by a clinical interview, using the Suicide Intent Scale developed by Pierce. The purpose of applying the Suicide Intent Scale was to quantitatively determine the suicide intent of the subjects and to refer those with high-intent for further psychiatric intervention. The scale dealt with the circumstances related to the suicide attempts, self- reporting items, and items dealing with the medical risk of self-injury. Subjects who were graded as medium- and low- intent were recruited to the study and those who graded as high-intent were referred for psychiatric assessment to the Teaching Hospital of Colombo South, situated 10 km away from the Base Hospital of Homagama. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Life skills | N/A | Individual Visual Analog Scale (IVAS) was used as an independent tool to assess the effectiveness of problem- solving counseling. IVAS was constructed using the Likert scale, with ten statements giving five response categories, to measure the effectiveness of counseling. These statements were designed to assess the subject’s capability of understanding more about one’s own feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, ability to build up a relationship with others, ability to identify real problems, ability to find alternative solutions, capability of understanding the importance of setting goals, seeking help and support when necessary, ability to change, helping own self, ability to cope with life’s circumstances, and confidence when approaching future problems. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Cognitive/General | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | Indicated | 4 sessions | One week, two week, 1 month after initial session | 1 month | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | Home | Ramani | 2011 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21431005/ | N/A | IJP | Conference Paper | ||||
| 231 | PSS | Cognitive stimulation therapy | Cognitive | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Latin America and the Caribbean | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | The intervention largely focused on a trial of cognitive stimulation (Breuil et al, 1994), which was identified through the systematic reviews as having the most significant results. Topics included using money, word games, the present day and famous faces. The programme included a ‘reality orientation board’, displaying both personal and orientation information, including the group name (chosen by participants). The board was to provide a focus, reminding people of the name and nature of the group, and creating continuity. Each session began with a warm-up activity, usually a group song. | Dementia | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 47 | Outpatient participants currently attending the center for Alzheimer's disease of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro who had a clinical diagnosis of dementia according to DSM‐IV criteria19; Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores between 10 and 24 (mild to moderate dementia). | 60-91 | Both | No | Brazilian | Both | Internal, Functioning, Wellbeing | Child development, Other | Other | Cognitive ability | The primary outcome was cognition, assessed by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive subscale (ADAS‐Cog).The ADAS‐Cog uses 11 tasks to evaluate cognitive domains such as memory, language, praxis and command understanding, with higher scores indicating lower performance. It is often used in clinical trials as a primary instrument to monitor response to treatment, allowing the direct comparison of CST‐related improvement with other interventions. No info re: adaptation. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The Cornell Scale for depression in dementia (CSDD)23 was used to measure depressive symptomatology. This is a 19‐item interview evaluating current mood based on observed symptoms and signs occurring the week before interview, corroborated by an informant. Higher scores indicate higher depressive symptomatology. No info re: adaptation. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Quality of life | N/A | Quality of life was measured with the QoL in Alzheimer's Disease Scale (QoL‐AD).The QoL‐AD is a 13‐item questionnaire covering areas such as physical health, energy, social relationships, and enjoyment of life, with higher scores suggesting better QoL in PwD. Both the self‐ and informant‐report versions were used. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Activities of daily living/functioning: The ADCS‐ADL scale was used to measure the competence of PwD in basic and instrumental ADLs. The scale has 24 items, with informants selecting the most appropriate option regarding the person's level of ability. Higher scores indicate more preserved ADL. Sig improvement. Caregiver burden: The Zarit Burden Interview is a 22‐item instrument assessing caregiver burden. Items encompass aspects such as physical health, social and personal life, financial situation, emotional well‐being and interpersonal relationships. Higher scores indicate increased burden. No improvement | Activities of daily living/functioning: The ADCS‐ADL scale; Caregiver burden: The Zarit Burden Interview | No | N/A | Cognitive/General | Multi-approach interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Group | Health | Indicated | 14 sessions | Twice weekly | 45 minutes | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Marinho | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5421 | N/A | GP | Journal Article | ||||
| 241 | MH | Be Mindful Plus (peer counselor support) Program | Cognitive | Experimental | Health | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | The program randomly assigned participants to a brief (4-week), self-guided, web-based, mindfulness intervention (MIND), or the intervention plus support from nonspecialist peer counselors (MIND+). The mindfulness intervention, Be Mindful, delivers all the elements of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in an internet-based course. Peer counselors were recruited and trained for 8 hours in Beijing. Training was didactic and experimental and included (1) mindfulness theory and practice (2 hours), (2) orientation to the study and role of a peer counselor (1.5 hours), ethics, confidentiality, and mandated reporting (30 minutes), (4) lunch break and personal introductions (1 hour), (5) fundamentals of counseling listening skills (30 minutes), (6) validation techniques (1.5 hours), and (7) motivational interviewing (1 hour). Peer counselors then were paired with participants and instructed to engage in brief (15-20 minutes) weekly meetings with MIND+ participants via text or phone call during the course of treatment, with the intention of supporting and encouraging participants to complete the internet-based intervention. | N/A | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 54 students; 4 volunteer peer counselors | 54 currently enrolled university students (undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral programs) from 36 universities across China with at least mild depression and anxiety. Participants had to have a smartphone and regular access to internet; the ability to read and understand Mandarin; passing College English Test (level 4). | Avg. age = 23.5 | Both | No | Chinese | Both | Internal, Skills, External, Social | Social support, Symptoms of distress | Social support | Program Adherence (based on allocation to MIND+ | Course completion rates; post-treatment assessments; daily questionnaires assessing participants' self-reported frequency and duration (in minutes) of mindfulness practice the previous day. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | Stress, Depression and Anxiety Levels | 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire; Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9); Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ); Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Social support | Effect Size (participants randomly assigned to MIND+ (vs those assigned to MIND) would show more robust improvements in stress, depression, and mindfulness levels across the trial (as continuous, daily within-person variables). | Cohen d was calculated for the group means of difference between scores on days in the early study phase and the late study phase. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | 1. The sample was small and consisted of a nonclinical sample of English-speaking university students. This may result in lowered generalizability of the study. Additionally, significant effects described would not survive correction for the number of tests performed in this study. 2. Insufficient follow-up data to analyze whether the effects of treatment were sustained over time. 3. Data related to peer counselors’ communication with participants were not included in these analyses. 4. Analyses did not contain objective measures of practicing mindfulness. | Mindfulness | Skills-focused interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.6 Other psychological interventions | Individual | N/A | Indicated | 4 weeks | Be Mindful Internet-Based Intervention - Self Guided; Peer Counselor Meetings - Once per week | 15 - 20 minutes | Peer | Home | Rodriguez, M. | 2021 | https://formative.jmir.org/2021/10/e25772 | 10 | JMIR | Journal Article | |||||
| 130 | MH | Cognitive processing therapy | Cognitive Processing Therapy | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is an evidenced- based cognitive behavioral psychotherapy originally developed for treatment of PTS or PTS with comorbid depression. CPT combines cognitive restructuring (i.e., techniques aimed at changing extreme and/or exaggerated beliefs to be more balanced and/or realistic) with emotional processing of trauma-related content (i.e., techniques to enable clients to remember and experience the full range of emotions about their trauma). The intervention has been culturally adapted to accommodate for cultural and educational differences. | Torture | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 193 | Survivors of organized violence in souther Iraq (Basra, Nassariyah) | Mean of 40s | Both | No | Iraqi | Both | Internal, Function | Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Symptoms of distress | N/A | PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Depression only. Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression and Anxiety. During translation, one HSCL item (feeling hopeless about the future) and two HTQ items (feeling as if you don’t have a future; hopelessness) were very similar in local Arabic. Only one (feeling hopeless) was used. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Functioning | N/A | A local measurement of functioning based on locally described roles of men and women. Participants were asked how difficult it was for them to do each task in the prior 2 weeks on an ordinal scale of 0 (no difficulty) to 4 (unable to do the task). For example, men were asked how difficult it was for them to communicate or socialize. Women were asked how difficult it was to raise their children. In the final in- strument, there were 21 items on the male dysfunction scale and 21 items on the female dysfunction scale. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Anxiety only. Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression and Anxiety. During translation, one HSCL item (feeling hopeless about the future) and two HTQ items (feeling as if you don’t have a future; hopelessness) were very similar in local Arabic. Only one (feeling hopeless) was used. Not sig. | Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression and Anxiety | N/A | Cognitive/General | N/A | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | 12 sessions, usually 1 week apart | Normally weekly | Unspecified | Community health worker | Clinic/health facility | Weiss | 2015 | https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-015-0622-7 | N/A | BMC Psychiatry | Journal Article | ||||||
| 173 | MH | Cognitive processing therapy | Cognitive Processing Therapy | N/A | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Cognitive processing therapy is a protocol-based therapy for treating depression, anxiety, and PTSD in sexual-violence survivors.9,27-29 The group format was chosen to reach large numbers of women. The cognitive-only model (i.e., without a trauma narrative) was used because its efficacy is similar to that of the full version of the therapy, while providing greater ease of administration in groups and greater retention by participants. Psychosocial assistants in the comparison villages provided access to individual support. When women were informed of their eligibility, psycho- social assistants invited them to receive individu- al support services as desired, including psycho- social support and economic, medical, and legal referrals. Psychosocial assistants were available throughout the treatment period for women who sought their services. IRC supervisors monitored the services provided by means of monthly visits and reviews of interim monitoring forms. | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)/ Gender-Based Violence (GBV) | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 405 | 405 women who were sexual-violence survivors | Mean = 35.0 | Female | N/A | Congolese | Female | Internal, Function | Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Hopkins Symptom Checklist. The checklists were adapted and pilot-tested in each language group. Both the HSCL-25 and the HTQ have been used internationally with sexual- violence survivors20 and have solid psychometric properties with conflict-affected sample. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. The checklists were adapted and pilot-tested in each language group. Both the HSCL-25 and the HTQ have been used internationally with sexual- violence survivors20 and have solid psychometric properties with conflict-affected samples. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | N/A | Locally developed scale. Assessment of functional impairment was based on the degree of difficulty in performing important tasks of daily living that were identi- fied on the basis of qualitative data from the study villages. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | Hopkins, IRC, three Congolese NGOs | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9. Clinical management of mental disorders by non-specialized health care providers (e.g. primary health care, post-surgery wards) | 9.1 Non-pharmacological management | Group | Health | Indicated | 12 sessions (1 individual, 11 group) | Weekly | 1-2 hrs (1 hr for individual, 2 hr for group) | Local Volunteer | Other | Bass | 2013 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1211853 | N/A | NEJM | Journal Article | |||
| 3 | PSS | School-Based Psychosocial Program for War-Exposed Adolescents | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Europe and Central Asia | Children | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | This randomized controlled treatment outcome study investigated the comparative effectiveness of the first two tiers of a three-tiered school- and community-based mental health program as implemented with Bosnian secondary students exposed to severe trauma, traumatic bereavement, and adversity. The two tiers under study consisted of a classroom-based psychoeducation and skills intervention (tier 1) and a classroom-based intervention paired with a manual-based 17-session trauma- and grief-focused group treatment (tier 2) consisting of trauma and grief component therapy for adolescents (TGCT).14 The content of the tier 1 classroom-based intervention, consisting of psychoeducation, training in skills for managing trauma and loss reminders, and other coping skills, was taken from selected modules of TGCT. TGCT is an assessment-driven, manual-based psychotherapy protocol specifically designed for adolescents whose histories of exposure to trauma, traumatic loss, andsevere adversity place them at high risk for severe persisting distress, functional impairment, and developmental disruption. TCGT is informed by a developmental model of child traumatic stress15 and is based on a wellnessoriented public health framework.16 TCGT is a flexible intervention, specific components of which are prescribed as indicated by assessment results. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 127 | 127 predominantly ethnic Muslim secondary school students | N/A | Both | No | Bosnian and Hercegovinian | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Posttraumatic stress symptoms were measured by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (RI),32 a 17-item self-report scale of symptom frequency during the previous month. Items correspond to DSM-IV PTSD criteria and are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from never (0) to almost always (4). The total-scale score has shown good internal consistency (" = .87), criterion-referenced validity in reference to measures of depression, anxiety, somatic complaints, traumatic grief, and existential grief (0.30Y0.70), and test-retest reliability (0.75) among Bosnian adolescents from data collected in 2002 and 2003. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Depression symptoms were measured using the 18-item selfreport Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS).33 The original 3-point scale (designed for children) was modified to a 5-point frequency scale ranging from never (0) to almost always (4) to increase the scale`s sensitivity to clinical change in adolescent populations. This adapted version has shown good internal consistency (" = .85); criterion-referenced validity in reference to measures of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, somatic complaints, traumatic grief, and existential grief (0.37 to 0.62); and acceptable 2-week test-retest reliability (0.64) in Bosnian adolescents. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Maladaptive grief reactions were measured using the self-report UCLA Grief Inventory.14 Frequency ratings are made on a 5-point scale ranging from never (0) to almost always (4). Two subscales were used: Traumatic Grief (in which distress reactions to the circumstances of the death interfere with adaptive grief processes [six items]), and Existential Grief (characterized by the loss of perceived purpose and meaning to one`s life following bereavement [six items]). These subscales have shown good internal consistency (" = .74 and .89), 2-week test-retest reliability (0.73 and 0.84), and criterion-referenced validity in reference to measures of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and somatic complaints (0.23Y0.58) in Bosnian adolescent samples.17 | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | School-focused | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group | Education | Selective/Secondary prevention | 1 school year | 17-20 weekly group sessions | 60-90 minutes | Other | School | Layne | 2008 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18664995/ | N/A | JAACAP | Journal Article | |||||
| 4 | PSS | Trauma/grief-focused group psychotherapy | Cognitive-behavioral | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Europe and Central Asia | Children | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Trauma/grief-focused group psychotherapy is a school-based program to promote postwar adaptation in war- exposed youths, iplemented by trained school counselors under the supervision of trained local community mental health professionals. The (approximately) 20-session treatment manual is divided into four modules: 1) Module 1 is composed of six sessions and is designed to reduce acute distress, build group cohesion, and provide a foundation of skills for later trauma- and grief-focused therapeutic work; 2) Module 2 is composed of 8 to 10 sessions and is devoted to the therapeutic processing of traumatic experiences; 3) Module 3 consists of four sessions and is designed to facilitate adaptive grieving in response to loss; 4) Module 4 consists of three sessions and is based on the goals of promoting adaptive developmental progression, facilitating constructive engagement in daily life, and setting and attaining positive life goals. The sesssions are semistructured and consist of a choreographed dialogue for two group leaders (Leader 1 and Leader 2) and structured group activities that include psychoeducation, therapeutic exposure, cognitive restructuring, stress management-relaxation skills, and practical problem solving in regard to current life events. | Post-conflict | Case-control (non-random) | Active | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 87 | from 17 secondary schools throughout Bosnia and Hercegovina | N/A | Both | No | Bosnian and Hercegovinian | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Reaction Index-Revised. Kutlac" et al. (2000) reported high internal consistency (Cronbach's a = .92) and moderate to strong convergent validity (.37 to .63). No info re adaptation. | Observed improvement | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Grief Screening Scale. Layne and his colleagues (Layne et al., 2000) reported good internal consistency (a = .86) and moderate to good convergent validity (.38 to .66). No info re adaptation. | Observed improvement | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Depression Self-Rating Scale. Using this version of the instrument, Kutlac" et al. (2000) reported high internal consistency (a = .91) and moderate to good convergent validity (.40 to .72). No info re adaptation. | Observed improvement | N/A | Functioning | Child Self-Rating Scale, Self-Satisfaction Survey | The partial treatment group was unplanned (occured due to logistical challenges) so introduces significant risk of confounding | Trauma/grief-focused | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group | Education | Selective/Secondary prevention | 1 school year | every 2 weeks | N/A | Other | N/A | Layne | 2001 | https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.5.4.277 | N/A | GD | Journal Article | |||||
| 16 | PSS | Classroom-Based Intervention | Cognitive-behavioral | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Middle East and North Africa | Children | No positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Consisted of a combination of cognitive-behavioural strategies and stress inoculation training. Examples of strategies used in the intervention are cognitive restructuring, expression and spontaneous sharing of common fears including individual traumatic experience; focus on problem-solving and coping strategies; use of tools such as drawing, role playing and writing of essays to explore assumptions and beliefs; discussion of bereavement, grief, anxiety, and depression, as well as enhancing help-seeking and the recovery process. These techniques were tailored to the developmental level of the students. It was delivered by 68 teachers daily for 60 minutes, over 12 consecutive school days. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Interrupted time series | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 194 | Lebanese children in six villages in Southern Lebanon designated as most heavily exposed to war . 2500 students received the intervention , for assessment 101 student were chosen at random who received the intervention, and 93 matched control from schools that did not receive interventions, students were grades 1-9 in public schools | N/A | Both | No | Lebanese children | Both | Internal, disorder | Symptoms of distress, Other | Symptoms of distress | Major depressive disorder | WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. The Arabic version of CIDI 3.0 was translated from the original English using a rigorous WHO-monitored five-step process that included forward translation, backward translation, and resolution of discrepancies between translations, pilot testing, and final revision. Arabic CIDI 3.0 not validated but validation against SCID done in other counries showing good concordance. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | separation anxiety disorder (SAD) | WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. The Arabic version of CIDI 3.0 was translated from the original English using a rigorous WHO-monitored five-step process that included forward translation, backward translation, and resolution of discrepancies between translations, pilot testing, and final revision. Arabic CIDI 3.0 not validated but validation against SCID done in other counries showing good concordance. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | PTSD | N/A | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1. no group randomization 2. control group not selected from same restricted pool of students receiving intervention 3. although matched on age, gender and war exposure, students in both groups could have differed on other unmeasured variable like social support, parental MH and coping styles 4. limited training of teachers performing the intervention and who were not assessed for their own mental health status following the war trauma 5. The quality of intervention was evaluated by rating teacher diaries rather than taping sessions and reviewing them to assess reliability of teachers 6. the F/U occurred 1 year after intervention might have obscured some short-term therapeutic effect that could have been detected if outcomes were measured sooner. 7. other methodological limitations of the study design include the absence of self-rating scales by parents and children to bolster findings from structured interviews for detection of milder or sub-threshold cases 8. the relation between mental disorders and the 1996 war events could have been shaped by exposure to other traumatic war events during the course of the long-standing conflict in Southern Lebanon | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | School | Education | Universal/Primary prevention | 12 days | daily | N/A | Other | N/A | Karam | 2008 | https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00170.x | N/A | WP | Journal Article | |||||
| 18 | PSS | School-based mental health intervention | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Community & Family supports | East Asia and Pacific | Children | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The intervention consisted of 15 sessions with groups of about 15 children over 5 weeks of a manualized classroom-based intervention. Facilitaros were selected from selected from local target communities, and were generally people with no formal mental health training but with some experience as volunteers in humanitarian programs. The intervention integrated CBT techniques with cooperative play and creative-expressive exercises (drama, dance, and music) within a structured phased program: week 1 focuses on information, safety, and control (including psychoeducation); week 2, focuses on stabilization, awareness, and self-esteem; weeks 3 and 4 focus on the trauma narrative; and week 5 aims at reconnecting the child and group to his/her social context using resiliency-based themes and activities. Trauma-focused elements in weeks 3 and 4 include nonforced sharing of trauma stories through art (“silent stories”) and drama games. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 495 | 495 children (average age 10) attending 14 randomly selected schools in the Poso district of Central Sulawesi, the most violence-affected district within the region, between March and December 2006. Half of the schools were randomized to the intervention group (n = 237), and the other half were randomized to the control group (N = 258), with around 30 students per school. Screening within schools was performed using symptom checklists assessing exposure to violent events, PTSD, and anxiety complaints. | N/A | Both | Yes | Indonesian | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | PTS symptoms | Child Posttraumatic Stress Scale. Instruments were translated with methods proposed by Van Ommeren and colleagues.24 Use of this method ensures systematic use of generally advocated translation strategies through translation by an indigenous group of experts, conceptual review by an independent bilingual professional, review by targeted participants through focus groups, blind back translation, and piloting. To measure internal reliability, we used a Cronbach α and for 2-week test-retest reliability, the Spearman-Brown coefficient. For parent-rated measures, we did not assess test-retest reliability. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Significant improvement in females, not males | Symptoms of distress | Depression symptoms | Depression Self-Rating Scale. Instruments were translated with methods proposed by Van Ommeren and colleagues.24 Use of this method ensures systematic use of generally advocated translation strategies through translation by an indigenous group of experts, conceptual review by an independent bilingual professional, review by targeted participants through focus groups, blind back translation, and piloting. To measure internal reliability, we used a Cronbach α and for 2-week test-retest reliability, the Spearman-Brown coefficient. For parent-rated measures, we did not assess test-retest reliability. | No significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Symptoms of distress | Anxiety symptoms. Instruments were translated with methods proposed by Van Ommeren and colleagues.24 Use of this method ensures systematic use of generally advocated translation strategies through translation by an indigenous group of experts, conceptual review by an independent bilingual professional, review by targeted participants through focus groups, blind back translation, and piloting. To measure internal reliability, we used a Cronbach α and for 2-week test-retest reliability, the Spearman-Brown coefficient. For parent-rated measures, we did not assess test-retest reliability. | Self-Report for Anxiety Related Disorders 5-item version (SCARED-5) | No significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Aggression (no significant improvement); hope (significant improvement); functioning (no significant improvement) | Children’s Aggression Scale for Parents; Children's Hope Scale; contextually constructed 10-item checklist of functioning | Some of the instruments had poor internal consistency; assessors not blinded to treatment status; lack of generalizability | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 5 weeks | 3 times per week | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Tol | 2008 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18698064/ | N/A | JAMA | Journal Article | |||||
| 20 | PSS | ERASE Stress | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Children | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | A classroom-based program designed to help children cope with the threat of and exposure to disaster and trauma. The program incorporates psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral skills, meditative practices and bio-energetic exercises as well as processing traumatic experiences by utilizing art therapy and narrative techniques. It also incorporates home assignments to actively involve caregivers. The 12 session program includes homework review, warm-up exercises, experiential group activity, psychoeducational presentations, practical coping skills training, and a closure exercise followed by a new home assignment. | Natural disaster | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 166 | Children age 9-14 from 12 classes in one school. Randomization at the classroom level (6:6). 84 in treatment, 82 in WL group | N/A | Both | No | Sri Lankan | Both | Internal, function | Functioning, Symptoms of distress | Functioning | N/A | Child Diagnostic Interview Schedule (7 items rated 1 "not impaired" to 5 "very impaired"). Cronbach’s alpha for the scale was 0.73. No info re adaptation | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | PTSD symptoms | UCLA PTSD Index for DSM-IV (17-item self-report, 5 point scale of 0 "never experienced" to 4 "experienced very often." A Cronbach’s alpha score of 0.90 was reported and test-retest reliability ranged from good to excellent [35] . Internal consistency of the Sinhalese version was similarly highly satisfactory (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.82). No info re adaptation | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | Depression symptoms | 7-item brief Beck Depression Inventory; 0-3 with higher scores indicated greater severity of depressive symptoms. Beck et al. reported that the long form and the 7-item version correlate at 0.90. Cronbach’s alpha of the scale in our sample was 0.72. No info re adaptation | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Somatic complaints - significant improvement | Diagnostic Predictive Scales | No | no long-term follow-up, potential for spillover due to classroom randomization within the same school, generalizability unclear | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Individual | Health | Universal/Primary prevention | 3 months | 12 weekly sessions | 90 minute session | Other | School | Berger | 2009 | https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/235976 | N/A | P&P | Journal Article | ||||
| 25 | PSS | Psychosocial Care | Cognitive-behavioral | Quasi-experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Group psychosocial support facilitated by local health workers through a train-the-trainers model. Groups include elements of ventilation of emotions, normalization of emotional responses, and congitive processing of the event within a supportive group environment, and problem solving. | Natural disaster | Pre-post design | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 200 | 100 women each from an intervention and control community exposed to the 2004 tsunami. | N/A | Female | N/A | Indian | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | traumatic stress | Impact of Events Scale, measures current subjective distress related to a specific event. Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV TR). The IES has been used in Indian research studies and validated with Indian populations. | Observed improvement | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | Pre-test scores not collected on control group so change couldn't be compared - instead, analysis included pre-post change in the intervention group and comparison of post-intervention scores between the intervention and control groups. Therefore, while observed change is reported it cannot be attributed to the intervention; the two communities may have been different in other important ways. | N/A | Multi-component counseling | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | Health | Indicated | 3 months | 3 times a week | 2 hour sessions | Community health worker | Community | Becker | 2009 | https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146571 | N/A | AJPH | Journal Article | |||||
| 29 | PSS | Classroom-Based Intervention (CBI) | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Community & Family supports | South Asia | Children | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | A 15-session, classroom-based intervention aimed at decreasing psychological symptoms and strengthening protective factors in children at risk of psychological distress. The intervention is manualized and consists of cognitive behavioral techniques (psychoeducation, coping, discussion of past traumatic events) and creative expressive elements (cooperative games, structured movement, music, drama, and dance). Specific themes across sessions focus on: 1) information, safety, and control; 2) stabilization, awareness, and self-esteem; 3) trauma narrative; 4) resource identification and coping skills; and 5)reconnection with the social context and future planning. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 325 | school-going children, aged 11 to 14 years, living in four districts in southwestern Nepal | N/A | Both | Yes | Nepalese | Both | Function, internal, external | Functioning, Hope, Aggression | Functioning | N/A | Function impairment was assessed with a 10- item Children’s Function Impairment (CFI) questionnaire developed in Nepal using an adapted methodology described by Bolton and Tang (2002) | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Hope | N/A | The 6-item Children’s Hope Scale (CHS) assesses a sense of hope, with a higher score denoting more hope | No significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Aggression | N/A | Physical Aggression (PA), and children’s ability to deal with aggression, was measured with a 9-item subscale of the Aggression Questionnaire (5; 0–36; .67; .78) (Buss & Perry, 1992) | No significant improvement compared to control group | Difference; better for males | PTSD symptoms, hope, depression symptoms | N/A | No | First, research was conducted in a situation of ongoing political instability, which might have affected the results in ways not measured. Second, internal reliability of some of the instruments was low which hampers pre–post intervention comparisons. Third, despite randomization, there were differences at baseline between groups on demographic variables. Fourth, the research project used a pre–post assessment and did not allow for a follow-up assessment, hence we have no information about the sustained CBI effect. Finally, assessment of treatment fidelity was not included and assessors were not blinded to treatment status. | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group | Education | Universal/Primary prevention | 5 weeks | 15 sessions | 1 hour session | Community health worker | School | Jordans | 2010 | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02209.x | N/A | JCPP | Journal Article | ||||
| 32 | PSS | Thai version Rotheram-Borus et al. US intervention | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | The intervention was delivered over 13 weeks (12 sessions and one preparation session). Each session was led by two trained intervention facilitators, and was designed as a group session (8–10 participants per session). Each 90-minute session was participatory and was designed to focus on one or two challenges faced by PLH and their families. Module 1 (Healthy Mind) included four weekly sessions: 1) Emotional regulation while living with HIV; 2) Positive thinking and doing; 3) HIV disclosure; and 4) Stress management. Module 2 (Healthy Body) had three sessions: 1) Medication adherence and access to care; 2) Prevention of HIV transmission to others; and 3) Self care and healthy daily routines. Module 3 (Parenting and Family Relationship) consisted of three sessions: 1) Family roles and relationships; 2) Parenting while ill; and 3) Long-term plans with family members and children. Module 4 (Social and Community Integration) focused on two sessions: 1) Community participation and support; and 2) Employment while ill. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 507 | people living with HIV | N/A | Both | No | Thai | Both | Internal, Wellbeing, Function | Wellbeing, Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Wellbeing | N/A | Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey general health subscape (5 items), alpha = 0.72 | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey health and emotional wellbeing subscale (8 items), alpha = 0.85 | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | Medical Outcomes HIV Health Study physical functioning subscale, six items, alpha = 0.81 | N/A | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | Although the randomization resulted in balanced groups, participants in the standard care condition reported slightly better perceived general health at baseline than did participants in the intervention condition--Another limitation pertains to how we measured depression. When we examined the impact of the intervention on depressive symptomatology over 12 months, we found that depressive symptoms declined more among the intervention group than among the control group. However, this difference was not statistically significant. The reason could be that we assessed depressive symptomatology rather than clinical depression. | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | Family Strengthening Intervention | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Family | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 4 modules 2 sessions per module | 13 weeks | N/A | NGO/INGO Employee | N/A | Li | 2010 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Li-2010.pdf | N/A | AJPH | Journal Article | ||||
| 36 | PSS | Psychosocial Structured Activities (PSSA) intervention | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | A 15-session, classroom-based intervention aimed at decreasing psychological symptoms and strengthening protective factors in children at risk of psychological distress. The intervention is manualized and consists of cognitive behavioral techniques (psychoeducation, coping, discussion of past traumatic events) and creative expressive elements (cooperative games, structured movement, music, drama, and dance). Specific themes across sessions focus on: 1) information, safety, and control; 2) stabilization, awareness, and self-esteem; 3) trauma narrative; 4) resource identification and coping skills; and 5)reconnection with the social context and future planning. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 403 | Children in conflict- zone northern Uganda | N/A | Both | No | Ugandan | Both | Wellbeing | Wellbeing | Wellbeing | N/A | Researchers adopted a modified form of brief ethnographic interviewing (Hubbard,2008) to determine local understandings of child-wellbeing and resilience. Prior to the evaluation, each of the eight intervention schools was visited, and discussions held with children, parents (and other main caregivers) and teachers; free-listing activity used to identify chracteristics of resilient child - responses consolidated into 6 indicators of child wellbeing (according to children's ratings, parents' ratings, and teachers' ratings). alpha = 0.79 for teachers, 0.70 for parents, and 0.67 for children ratings at baseline. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Psychosocial Structured Activities | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Individual | Education | Selective/Secondary prevention | N/A | 15 sessions | 1 hour session | Local Volunteer | School | Ager | 2011 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21615734/ | N/A | JCPP | Journal Article | |||||
| 39 | PSS | Classroom-based Intervention (CBI) | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Children | No positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The intervention consisted of 15 sessions over 5 weeks of a school-based group intervention implemented by locally identified non-specialized personnel trained and supervised in implementing the intervention for one year prior to the study. The manualized intervention consists of cognitive behavioral techniques (psychoeducation, strengthening coping, and guided exposure to past traumatic events through drawing) and creative expressive elements (cooperative games, structured movement, music, drama, and dance) with groups of around 15 children, aimed at decreasing symptoms of common mental disorders and strengthening protective factors. The intervention follows a specific structure within and between sessions, with the following foci: information, safety, and control in week 1 (sessions 1-3); stabilization, awareness and self-esteem in week 2 (sessions 4-6); the trauma narrative in week 3 (sessions 7-9); resource identificationand coping skills in week 4 (sessions 10-12); and reconnection with the social context and future planning in week 5 (sessions 13-15). Each session is divided into four parts, starting and ending with structured movement, songs and dance with the use of a “parachute” (i.e., large circular colored fabric). The second part is based on a “central activity” focused on the main theme of that week (e.g., a drama exercise to identify social supports in the environment, or drawing of traumatic events), and the third part is a cooperative game (i.e., a game in which all children have to participate in order to promote group cohesion). | Post-conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 399 | 399 children (ages 9-12) enrolled in grades 4 through 7 in 24 randomly selected schools in the Tellippalai and Uduvil divisions of the Jaffna district in northern Sri Lanka between September 2007 and March 2008. Children were assigned to an intervention (n=199) or waitlist control condition (n=200). Children met inclusion criteria if they endorsed a) the existence of risk factors (i.e., reporting exposure to war-related events, distress during such exposure, current psychological symptoms, and affected school functioning); and b) the absence of protective factors (i.e., reporting a lack of social support and coping capacity). | N/A | Both | Yes | Sri Lankan | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | PTS symptoms | Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) | No significant improvement compared to control group | Difference; worse among females | Symptoms of distress | Depression symptoms | Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | Anxiety symptoms | Screen for Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-5) | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Emotional and behavioral difficulties; functional impairment | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); locally constructed scale for functional impairment | Children reporting severe mental problems during screening were provided individual supportive counseling in addition to being enrolled in the study. | Unblinded; primary outcomes have unknown validity in this setting | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group | Health | Indicated | 5 weeks | 3 times per week | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Tol | 2012 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Tol-2012.pdf | N/A | WP | Journal Article | ||||
| 56 | PSS | Brief intervention to reduce alcohol use | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | The study intervention consisted of 6 counseling sessions that took place monthly during the first 6 months of study participation. Nurse counselors were trained in motivational interviewing techniques and provided the intervention in one-on-one sessions lasting 20 minutes on average. The intervention was based on the WHO Brief Intervention for Alcohol Use and contained elements from stages of change and social cognitive health behavior change theories. Motivational interviewing techniques, a focus on goal-setting and increasing self-efficacy for changing behavior, the provision of positive feedback and encouragement for change, and use of counseling notes and noting stage of change for alcohol reduction were essential intervention elements. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 818 | 818 female sex workers (FSWs) affiliated with the AIDS, Population, Health, and Integrated Assistance (APHIA) II project, who were recruited from 3 project drop-in centers in Mombasa, Kenya. Women were eligible to participate if they self-reported being an FSW, were registered as an APHIA program participant, were at least 18 years old, lived in Mombasa, and were identified as harmful or hazardous alcohol users according to the AUDIT. Eligible women had a laboratory-confirmed negative result for gonorrhea, chla- mydia, and trichomoniasis at enrollment. HIV status did not affect enrollment eligibility. Individuals were randomly assigned to the treatment group (n = 410), or the control group (n = 408). | 18-54 | Female | N/A | Kenyan | Substance use | Alcohol use | Alcohol use | N/A | Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Women who scored <7 on the AUDIT had a brief counseling session and were provided with a written brochure about alcohol use, whereas women who scored >19 on the AUDIT were referred to an alcohol treatment and rehabilitation program in Mombasa. | Reliance on self-reported drinking behavior | Brief intervention | Alcohol/substance use intervention | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.3 Interventions for alcohol/substance use problems | Individual | Health | Indicated | 6 months | Monthly | N/A | Health professional | N/A | L'Engle | 2014 | https://journals.lww.com/jaids/fulltext/2014/12010/a_randomized_controlled_trial_of_a_brief.15.aspx | N/A | JAIDS | Journal Article | |||||
| 58 | PSS | Classroom-based Intervention (CBI) | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | No positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The intervention consisted of 15 sessions over 5 weeks of a school-based group intervention implemented by locally identified non-specialized personnel trained and supervised in implementing the intervention for one year prior to the study. The manualized intervention consists of cognitive behavioral techniques (psychoeducation, strengthening coping, and guided exposure to past traumatic events through drawing) and creative expressive elements (cooperative games, structured movement, music, drama, and dance) with groups of around 15 children, aimed at decreasing symptoms of common mental disorders and strengthening protective factors. The intervention follows a specific structure within and between sessions, with the following foci: information, safety, and control in week 1 (sessions 1-3); stabilization, awareness and self-esteem in week 2 (sessions 4-6); the trauma narrative in week 3 (sessions 7-9); resource identificationand coping skills in week 4 (sessions 10-12); and reconnection with the social context and future planning in week 5 (sessions 13-15). Each session is divided into four parts, starting and ending with structured movement, songs and dance with the use of a “parachute” (i.e., large circular colored fabric). The second part is based on a “central activity” focused on the main theme of that week (e.g., a drama exercise to identify social supports in the environment, or drawing of traumatic events), and the third part is a cooperative game (i.e., a game in which all children have to participate in order to promote group cohesion). | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 329 | Schools were randomized with 7 schools allocated to intervention and 7 to control. Exposed to trauma and above cutoffs | N/A | Both | Yes | Burundian | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress, Other | Symptoms of distress | depression symptoms | Depression Self-Rating Scale | No significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Symptoms of distress | PTSD symptoms | Child Posttraumatic Symptom Scale | No significant improvement compared to control group | Difference; worse among females | Other | Hope | Children’s Hope Scale | No significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | N/A | N/A | Referrals to outside services | N/A | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group | Education | Selective/Secondary prevention | 1 year | 15 sessions | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Tol | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-12-56 | N/A | BMC Medicine | Journal Article | ||||
| 65 | PSS | Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction and Training | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | An 8-session mindfulness program held twice a week for a month. Sessions focus on 1) relationship building and psychoeducation; 2-3) muscle relaxation training; 4) breathing techniques; 5) body monitoring techniques; 6) mindfulness-based thinking; 7) full mindfulness practice bringing the elements of sessions 4-6 together; and 8) wrap-up. | Post-conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 28 | Warfare victims who had been diagonosed with PTSD at Shahid Rajaee Hospital | N/A | Male | N/A | Iranian | Male | Wellbeing | Quality of life | Quality of life | N/A | Pre test, post test, and delayed post test after 2 months. World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-26. The questionnaire tests four categories; namely, hygiene and physical well-being, psychiatric well-being, social life and living environments and conditions. The categories are used as a comprehensive scale and generally, include overall quality of life and general well-being levels. The validity of the questionnaire in Iran has been estimated to be 89%. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | Small sample size, not a lot of external validity | Mindfulness | Stress management training | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Individual | Protection | Indicated | 8 sessions | 90 minute session | Community health worker | Clinic/health facility | Azad | 2014 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25792991/ | N/A | IJP | Journal Article | |||||
| 115 | PSS | CSVR multi-modal framework | Cognitive-behavioral | Quasi-experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | the CSVR framework comprises the 18 most severe impacts of torture (14 after grouping the impacts) in contexts such as those found and the most appropriate intervention strategies associated with each (includes increasing coping, problem solving, skills development, referrals, explaining causes of distress, skill development, symptom management, psychoeducation, exposure, meaning-making, assessing suicide, cog-behavioral interventions, integrating rituals/cultural and religious healing, preparing client for neg experiences, family tracing, crisis management, boundary setting, exploring underlying emotions). Six months of treatment | Torture | Pre-post design | Wait list | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 82 | 82 adults (44 treatment, 38 control) presenting at the Center for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation in South Africa | N/A | Both | No | All in South Africa, but mixed ethnically; included Burundi, Congolese, Eritrean, Ethiopian, Somali, South African, Zimbabwean, and so forth | Both | Internal, External, Social | Symptoms of distress, Social connectedness | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Unclear how adapted. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Unclear how adapted. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Social connectedness | N/A | De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Unclear how adapted. Some alphas were low (e.g., emotional loneliness subscale had allpha of 0.45) | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | the number of areas of pain in the body, and management of aspects of functioning (unspecified how measured) | Referrals made as part of intervention. Unclear where (not specified) | Psychological health and functioning of members of the treatment group better than that of the comparison group at baseline testing; groups also differed on marital status and edu. Also, not a true control as WL received aid, legal/medical/humanitarian assistance, etc. | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | N/A | 6 months | Unclear | 6 months | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Dix-Peek | 2018 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Dix-Peek-2018.pdf | N/A | Torture | Journal Article | ||||||
| 116 | PSS | ERASE-Stress-Pro-Social | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The ESPS is a universal school-based program composed of sixteen 90-minute sessions divided into two sets of strategies: stress-reduction interventions and prosocial interventions (i.e. perspective-taking, empathy training, mindfulness and compassion-cultivating practices). The first set of strategies aims to normalize students’ stress-related reactions, strengthen their natural resources, equip them with new coping skills and teach them affect-modulation techniques. The second set of strategies is designed to teach students to develop empathy and compassion toward the self and others and to encourage them to act pro-socially in the school and the community. Based on the school curriculum’s requirements, the teachers delivered the course content of the original 16 session manual in two weekly 45-minute sessions. Adapted by allowing more time for learning cepts and practicing skills. Added body-oriented techniques, more perspective-taking and empathy-building exercises and simulations as well compassionbased practices. Had a blessing ritual and a grief ritual. Introduced new concepts like respecting elders. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 183 | 183 children (4-6th grade) | N/A | Both | Yes | Tanzanian | Both | External, Social, Skills, Function | Socio-emotional learning, Prosocial behavior, Functioning | Socio-emotional learning | N/A | records documented by the teachers during the academic year for each student of verbal or physical aggresion against peers | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Prosocial behavior | N/A | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Prosocial behavior was measured using the prosocial sub-scale derived from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997). This scale is composed of eight items. The children were asked to rate to what extent each statement described them (e.g. ‘‘I try to be nice to other people. I care about their feelings’’). All items were ranked on a 3-point Likert scale ranging from 1(not true) to 3 (certainly true). The Cronbach alpha for this scale was 0.76. No info re: adaptation. | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Functioning | N/A | eight items derived from the Child Diagnostic Interview Schedule (social relationships, school performance, family relationships, chores at home, and after-school activities). Children rated their answers on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). This measure has been used in previous studies (e.g. Berger & Gelkopf, 2009) and was found to be valid and reliable. The Cronbach alpha in the current sample was 0.79. No info re: adaptation | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | (Somatic complaints, axiety, social difficulties, academic achievement, hyperactivity)) | Somatic = stomach, respiratory, headaches, sleeping problems, excessive eating, appetite loss and ‘other problems’. Children answered on a Yes / No categorical scale; Hyperactivity = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaie; Anxiety = Spence Anxiety scale; Social difficulties = SDQ; academic achivement=grades | Recruitment from one primary school; potential contamination effect; reliance on teacher report | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group/Community | N/A | N/A | 16 sessions | 16 sessions, 2 weekly 45-minute sessions | Other (Teacher) | School | Berger | 2018 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30091688/ | N/A | TP | Journal Article | ||||||
| 137 | PSS | Penn Optimism Program (POP) | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | East Asia and Pacific | Children | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The intervention is intended to enhance participants' resilience in the face of negative life events by training them to challenge pessimistic causal explanations and teaching them other coping strategie. The intervention was adapted to this context by (i) reducing the number of sessions from 12 to 10, (ii) rewording of the assertiveness training to emphasize appropriate restraint particularly when dealing with adults; (iii) recruited teachers instead of mental health professionals | Social change | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 220 | Chinese children between the ages of 8 to 15 | 8-15 | Both | No | Chinese | Both | Internal, other | Symptoms of distress, Other | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Children's depression inventory is a 27-item self-report measure of the severity of depressive symptoms. The CDI has demonstrated satisfactory levels of reliability and validity in the United States as well as in mainland China.. The internal consistency of the CDI (Cronbach's alpha) has been found to be from 0.81 to 0.89 in various studies in China. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Other | Explanatory style | Children's Attributional Style Questionnaires a 48-item forced choice questionnaire that assesses explanatory style for both positive and negative life events. The alpha of composite scores have been found to be from 0.45 to 0.66 in various studies in China, which are comparable to those reported in the United States (Peterson & Buchanan, 1995). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Coping | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Education | 10 weeks | Weekly | 2 hour sessions | Teacher | School | Yu | 2002 | https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1522-3736.5.1.59a | N/A | P&T | Journal Article | |||||
| 142 | PSS | stress inoculation training (SIT) | Cognitive-behavioral | Quasi-experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Usually, the process starts with an educational phase that helps individuals to better understand the nature of stress and its effects, and increases a sense of predictability and control by providing accurate expectations regarding the stress envi- ronment and the stress reactions. This is followed by a skill acquisition and rehearsal phase to develop and practice a repertoire of coping skills to reduce anxiety and enhance the capacity to respond effectively in the stressful situation. Fi- nally, the coping skills are applied in conditions that approximate the criterion environment across increasing levels of stressors | Post-conflict | Case-control (non-random) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 1488 | 1488 children in fourth and fifth grade in southern Israel who were exposed to continuous rocket attacks during Operation Cast Lead | Children <10 | Both | Yes | Israeli | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | UCLA- PTSD Reaction Index, a self-report scale with 21 items derived from the DSM-IV PTSD criteria of symptoms (Intrusive Recollection, Avoidance/Numbing and Hy- perarousal) and Associated Features. Cronbach alpha = 0.9. Recommended score of 38 was used as cut-off for possible PTSD | Significant improvement compared to control group | Better outcomes among boys | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The Stress/Mood Scale includes eight items concerning fears, stress and mood (e.g., “Different children are afraid of different things, do you have frightening thoughts?” “How stressed or afraid are you in general?”). Cronbach alpha = 0.68. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Better outcomes among boys | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Coping | N/A | School | Education | Selective/Secondary prevention | 14 weeks | Weekly | 45 minutes | Teachers and school counselors | School | Wolmer | 2011 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21421174/ | N/A | JAACAP | Journal Article | ||||||
| 161 | Abangane | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Youth (10-29 years) | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Abangane support groups include activities guided by cognitive behavioural therapy principles and indigenous games and songs, contextually relevant stories and scenarios, as well as discussions about cultural rituals and traditions surrounding death. Groups met for weekly, interactive 90 min sessions that included an average of three structured activities focused on experiences of loss and grief, coping skills, and the links between feelings, thoughts and behaviour. The panel presents the overarching theme for each session and a brief description of activities. All sessions included an opening and closing ritual and time for reflection. Homework was assigned at the end of each session and discussed at the start of the next one, including identifying sources of support, defining goals, and recognising and challenging negative thoughts. | Bereavement | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 453 | 453 bereaved 9th grade students aged 13-17 in South Africa | 13-17 | Female | N/A | South African | Female | Skills | Coping | Coping | N/A | Core Bereavement Items (CBI-G) was used to measure normative grief. The grief subscale of the CBI was originally developed through factor analysis of candidate measures reflecting common grief-associated feelings, such as longing, loneliness, tearfulness, and sadness.22 Respondents rate theirfrequencyofexperiencingthesefeelings(“never”, “sometimes”, “most of the time,” or “all of the time”) with corresponding values of 0 to 3 assigned. Values are summed across items to yield the subscale score (Cronbach’s α=0·84 at baseline). Surveys were translated into Sesotho, back-translated into English, and pre-tested to help to improve clarity and accuracy. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Coping | N/A | Intrusive Grief Thoughts Scale. he IGTS is a nine-item scale that measures the extent to which bereaved individuals experience intrusive, undesired thoughts about a deceased loved one. For example, respondents report how often they experience interferences with daily activities such as difficulty falling asleep, bad dreams, and concentrating at school due to thinking about the loved one’s passing. Cronbach alpha = 0.9. Surveys were translated into Sesotho, back-translated into English, and pre-tested to help to improve clarity and accuracy. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Coping | Inventory for Complicated Grief | The ICG–RC measures complicated grief, and is a six-item subset of the adult Inventory of Complicated Grief validated for use with children.23,24 The scale reflects lack of acceptance, shock, changed world perspective, loneliness, and longing for the deceased. Respondents’ ICG–RC scores are the sum of the item values, and use the same reference period, response options, and coding as the IGTS (Cronbach’s α=0·90 at baseline). Surveys were translated into Sesotho, back-translated into English, and pre-tested to help to improve clarity and accuracy. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Depression, behavioral problems (caregiver assessed) | Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale for Children, Brief Problem Monitor-Parent Form (BPM-P) | Yes | N/A | Trauma/grief-focused | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | Unclear | Weekly | 90 minutes/session | Social worker | School | Thurman | 2017 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Thurman-2017.pdf | N/A | L GH | Journal Article | |||||
| 191 | PSS | Center for Mind-Body Medicine | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Europe and Central Asia | Youth (10-29 years) | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The intervention combines a number of mind-body modalities together with self-expression (through the spoken and written word and in drawings and movement) in a supportive, small group setting. The format, which has now been incorporated into a manual, is designed to provide a supportive, non-judgmental, empathic environment in which self-expression, sharing, and listening are encouraged but discussions of specific traumas are not required: to teach adolescents self-care techniques that decrease stress, improve mood, and enhance cognitive and imaginative functioning; to give items kills they can use in daily life to deal with traumatic events; and to help them understand that the trauma they suffered and the concerns they have are shared and understood by their peers as well as group leaders. | Post-conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 82 | 82 adolescents in post-war Kosovar meeting criteria for PTSD using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire | 14-18 (mean = 16.3) | Both | No | Kosovan | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The HTQ used in determining PTSD criteria for eligi- bility was also used as the PTSD measure. The total score was the sum of all 16 item scores on a 1- to 4-item Likert scale, divided by the total number of items. The screening score was used as the baseline measure for the first inter- vention group and the wait-list control group (first assess- ment). The HTQ has been shown to have good internal reliability. In 2 surveys f Kosovar Albanians aged 15 years and older, the Cronbach alpha was 0.81 and 0.76 respectively. In this study, alpha = 0.84 for initial screening. The Albanian version of the questionnaire was obtained from its previous use in Kosovo, and its accuracy was verified by back translation. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | Researchers, High School in Suhareka, Ministry of Edu of Kosovo | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group | Health | Indicated | 6 weeks | Twice per week | 2 hour sessions | Teacher | School | Gordon | 2008 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18945398/ | N/A | JCP | Journal Article | |||
| 195 | PSS | School Reactivation Program | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Europe and Central Asia | Youth (10-29 years) | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | The teachers took charge of the class activation, in which all children in the class participated. Based on the authors’ findings concerning the important role played by parents regarding children’s responses to traumatic events, the intervention began with an introductory meeting with the parents to engage them in the process, provide information related to the program, and educate them about the children’s expected reactions to the disaster. The remaining eight 2-hour meetings focused on various aspects of the recovery process: restructuring traumatic experiences, dealing with intrusive thoughts, establishing a safe place, learning about the earthquake and preparing for future earthquakes, mourning the ruined city, controlling body sensations, confronting posttraumatic dreams, understanding reactions in the family, coping with loss, guilt, and death, dealing with anger, extracting life lessons, and planning for the future. The program combined psychoeducational modules, cognitive-behavioral techniques, play activities, and ongoing documentation in personal diaries. | Natural disaster | Case-control (non-random) | Wait List | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 287 | 287 children aged 9-17 | Mean = 11.5, range = 9-17 | Both | No | Turkish | Both | Internal, function | Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI; Pynoos et al., 1987) asks for the reactions of children to stressful events and classifies five degrees of PTSD severity: doubtful, mild, moderate, severe and very severe. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The Traumatic Dissociation and Grief Scale (TDGS; Laor et al., 2002; Wolmer et al., 2003) consists of 23 self-report items that form one main dissociation factor composed of two sub-factors (Perceptual Distor- tions and Body/Self distortions) and one main grief factor composed of two sub-factors (Irritability and Guilt/Anhedonia). | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | N/A | eachers (blind to the children’s parti- cipation in the intervention program) were asked to assess each of the children on three domains of daily functioning: academic performance, social behavior and general conduct, using a five-point scale (1 1⁄4 very bad, 5 1⁄4 very good). These three domains showed an acceptable level of internal consistency (Cronbach a 1⁄4 .86) and, therefore, were also combined into a general measure of daily functioning. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | School | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 9 sessions | Unclear | 2 hrs/session | Teacher | School | Wolmer | 2005 | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00416.x | N/A | JCPP | Journal Article | ||||
| 203 | PSS | Happy Mother 4 plus 1 Emotion Self-management Group Training Program | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | East Asia and Pacific | Youth (10-29 years) | Positive outcomes | Based on the basic tenet of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) with elements of Chinese culture of delivery. Themes of the group sessions included “Understanding self-management and Chinese delivery culture,” “Effective problem solving and positive communication,” “Relaxation exercise and cognitive restructuring,” and “Improving self- confidence.” There were some homework after every session for participants to practice learned skills. On completion of the group training, one individual counseling session was arranged to tackle further personal problems. | Maternal Mental Health | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 240 | 240 women who were at 32 weeks antenatal receiving care in Hanzhou | Mean = 28.7 | Female | N/A | Chinese | Female | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The PHQ-9 is the nine-item depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire (Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001). It consists of nine symptoms of the DSM-IV Criterion A for major depressive episode. Each item is scored on a 4-pointcale (from 0 to 3), making a total score from 0 to 27. It is a criterion-based instrument originally developed for depres- sion screening in primary care. The Chinese version of the PHQ-9 is available with satisfactory validity and reliability (Yeung et al., 2008). Participants were requested to rate their depressive symptoms in the past 2 weeks. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (Cox, Holden, & Sagovsky, 1987) is a 10-item scale most extensively used in research and clinical settings to assess PPD. Each item is scored on a 4-point scale (from 0 to 3), with the minimum and maximum total EPDS scores being 0 and 30, respectively. The Chinese version of the EPDS has been validated among Chinese women and its psychometric performance is compa- rable with the original scale (Lee et al., 1998). A study indi- cated that the 10/11 cut-off point is most appropriate for identifying the PPD (Lai, Tang, Lee, Yip, & Chung, 2010). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The SCID-TR Axis I Disorders (SCID-I/P) (First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002) was adopted in this study to estab- lish psychiatric diagnosis of clinical depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria and cat- egories for depressive disorder among antenatal women at stage III. It was the gold standard for defining clinical depres- sion among postnatal women across countries and cultures (Gorman et al., 2004). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Coping | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | Health | Promotion | 5 weeks | Weekly | Unspecified | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Mao | 2012 | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2012.00331.x | N/A | PPC | Journal Article | |||||
| 205 | MH | Depression in Later Life (DIL) | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | The DIL intervention is grounded in problem-solving therapy for primary care and brief behavioral treatment for insomnia. The DIL intervention is a behaviorally activating, learning-based approach grounded in PST-PC and BBTI. The DIL intervention also included help in accessing government-sponsored medical and social programs and education in self-management of com- mon chronic diseases. The goals of PST-PC are to inculcate a positive problem orientation and to teach active problem solving skills in place of avoidant coping. Strategies to overcome sleep problems were based on the BBTI, which was previously developed for use in primary care. The BBTI teaches participants strategies to improve sleep qual- ity and enhance daytime alertness. The DIL intervention thus dealt with 2 potentially modifiable risk factors for major depres- sion: avoidant or passive coping and insomnia. | N/A | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 181 | 181 participants who were 60 years or older with scores of 4 or higher on the rater-administered, 12-item General Health Questionnaire (higher scores indicating greater symptoms of anxiety and depression) | 60+ | Both | No | Indian | Both | Diagnosis, Function | Other, Functioning | Other | Major depression episodes | The primary outcome was the proportion of participants in whom incident episodes of major depression developed during 12 months, as ascertained by administration of the Mini International Neropsychiatric Interview 6.0. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | N/A | World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule [WHODAS] 2.0; score range, 12-60, with higher scores indicating greater disability | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | N/A | Hindi Mini-Mental State Examination [HMMSE]; score range, 0-30, with higher scores indicating bet- ter cognitive functioning | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 9. Clinical management of mental disorders by non-specialized health care providers (e.g. primary health care, post-surgery wards) | 9.1 Non-pharmacological management | Individual | Health | Indicated | 6 sessions, 2 booster sessions | Weekly or every other week (spans 6-10 weeks) | 30-40 minutes/session | Community health worker | Other | Dias | 2018 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30422259/ | N/A | JAMA | Journal Article | ||||
| 208 | PSS | Thinking Healthy Programme | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Community & Family supports | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | The intervention, called the Thinking Healthy Programme, used cognitive behaviour therapy techniques of active listening, collaboration with the family, guided discovery (ie, style of questioning to both gently probe for family’s health beliefs and to stimulate alternative ideas), and homework (ie, trying things out between sessions, putting what has been learned into practice), and applied these to health workers’ routine practice of maternal and child health education. The intervention was integrated into existing health systems in a rural sub-district of Pakistan, and pilot studies showed that both health workers and depressed mothers reported the programme to be relevant and useful. | Maternal Mental Health | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 903 | 903 mothers in rural Pakistan | 16-45 | Female | N/A | Pakistani | Female | Child development, Internal, Function | Child development, Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Child development | N/A | Weigt for age, height for age | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Hamilton Depression Rating Scale,19 a measure of depressive symptoms that has 17 items and a total score from 0 to 54 (with higher scores indicating increased severity of depression | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functioning | N/A | The brief disability questionnaire, an eight-item questionnaire that rates present difficulties in doing daily activities on a scale of 0 (not at all) to 2 (definitely), with a maximum score of 16. Translated and adapted previously for use in context (no further details provided) | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Global assessment of functioning; perceived social support | Clinician's assessment of patient's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning; multidimensional scale for perceived social support. | No | N/A | Caregiving | N/A | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.2 Stregthening parenting/family supports | Family | Health | Promotion | 16 sessions | 4 weekly sessions during last month of pregnancy, 3 sessions in first prenatal month, 9 mostly sessions thereafter | Unspecified | Community health worker | Home | Rahman | 2008 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18790313/ | N/A | Lancet | Journal Article | ||||
| 209 | PSS | Mamekhaya program | Cognitive-behavioral | N/A | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | Mothers living with HIV (MLH) attended an eight-session small group CBI. Groups were conducted by two mentor mothers from the M2M program trained in CBI skills. This training included review of the intervention content, structure of the intervention modules, and pilot sessions. The eight sessions focused on four broad topics: 1. Healthy Living (staying in care, dealing with symptoms, learning about HIV and when to take ARVs, family planning, and condom use); 2. Feeling Happy and Strong (disclosure, dealing with stigma, finding support, feeling hope, avoiding negative emotions, dealing with domestic violence and substance abuse); 3. Partnering and Preventing Transmission (infant feeding practices, general HIV precautions, partner testing, disclosure, safer sex); and 4. Parenting (feeding choice, immunization of the baby, adherence to pre- and postnatal baby treatment, testing the baby, planning custody, forming an attachment to the baby). All sessions followed the same format, with each including a review of recent experiences; role plays; adidactic component; paired conversations related to the current discussion topic; group discussion and brainstorming; music, meditation, and breathing exercises; and goal-setting. | HIV | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Female | N/A | N/A | Female | Internal, External, Social, Other | Symptoms of distress, Social support, Other | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) has queries on 20 symptoms associated with depression (e.g., “I was bothered by things that don’t usually bother me”). A higher score reflects greater depression and a cutoff score of 16 or higher is commonly used to indicate clinical depression. Cronbach’s alpha in this sample was 0.82. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Social support | N/A | Two measures were employed from the Medical Outcomes Study social support survey (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991). MLH were queried regarding 20 potential types of support. The social support availability scale summed ratings of whether support was available, and the social support satisfaction scale counted the number of items for which MLH indicated they were satisfied with the support. In this sample of MLH, Cronbach alphas for availability (0.90) and satisfaction (0.81) indicated good internal consistency. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | HIV knowledge | At both baseline and follow-up, MLH were tested to assess their knowledge about HIV. They were asked to indicate whether they agreed, disagreed, did not know, or did not understand 14 statements such as: “Apart from the prevention of pregnancy and HIV infection, the condom prevents other sexually transmitted diseases.” Correct answers were summed to create an HIV knowledge score. In both assessments, MLH were given three hypothetical HIV-related scenarios, such as overhearing negative stereotypes. For each scenario, MLH were asked if they would feel no discomfort (1), some discomfort (2), or high discomfort (3). Responses were summed to create an HIV discomfort scale. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | coping strategies, attitudes affecting interaction and bonding between mothers and babies | Brief COPE scale; 9 items (unclear from what scale) | Yes | mothers2mothers (local NGO), local clinics / health facilities | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.2 Stregthening parenting/family supports | Group | Health | Promotion | 8 sessions | Unclear | Unspecified | Community health worker | Clinic/health facility | Futterman | 2010 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Futterman-2010.pdf | N/A | AC | Journal Article | ||||
| 210 | PSS | Unnamed participatory intervention | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Community & Family supports | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | Groups took part in a participatory learning and action cycle. Community members who were not regular group members were also encouraged to participate in discussions. Information about clean delivery practices and care-seeking behaviour was shared through stories and games, rather than presented as key messages. By discussion of case studies imparted through contextually appropriate stories, group members identified and prioritised maternal and newborn health problems in the community, collectively selected relevant strategies to address these problems, implemented the strategies, and assessed the results. Although some strategies were common, each group was free to implement its own combination of strategies. The intervention team adapted facilitation materials from the study in Makwanpur, Nepal, to guide the meetings.5 Groups used methods such as picture-card games, role play, and story-telling to help discussions about the causes and effects of typical problems in mothers and infants, and devised strategies for prevention, home- care support, and consultations. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 19030 | 19030 women aged 15-49 who had given birth during the study (2005-2008) | 15-49 | Female | N/A | Indian | Female | Internal, Mortality, Help seeking | Symptoms of distress, Other | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Kessler-10 item scale (K10), a questionnaire for the detection of common mental disorders in community settings, that has been used in India and World Mental Health Surveys | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Neonatal mortality | Neonatal death: death of a liveborn infant within 28 completed days of birth | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Help seeking behavior | uptake of antenatal and delivery services, home-care practices during and after delivery, and health-care-seeking behaviour (seeking care from qualified providers in the antenatal, delivery, and postnatal period, for checkups and problems) | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | gram sabhas (village councils), headmen, and representatives from panchayats (elected representatives for basic governance) in the three districts where study was implemented, researchers, traditional birth attendant | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.2 Stregthening parenting/family supports | Group | Health | Promotion | 20 sessions | monthly | Unspecified | Local Volunteer | Community | Tripathy | 2010 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20207411/ | N/A | Lancet | Journal Article | |||
| 216 | PSS | PRemIum for aDolEscents (PRIDE) | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Mixed | No positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | The full PRIDE stepped care model includes an initial universal sensitisation component that uses both schoolwide and classroom-level activities to increase awareness about mental health problems and explain the purpose of counselling in clear and non-stigmatising terms, while offering explicit assurances about con fidentiality. A lay counsellor-delivered brief problem- solving intervention (step 1) is then offered to adolescents with elevated mental health symptoms who refer themselves or are referred by teachers. A higher-intensity personalised psychological treatment (step 2) is offered to students who do not respond to the first-line problem- solving intervention. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Pre-post | 251 | 251 adolescents from grades 9-12 (ages 12-20) | Children <10 | Both | No | Indian | Both | Child development | Child development | Child development | N/A | The SDQ is the most widely used standardised measure of youth psychopathology globally and generates a total difficulties scale (scored from 0 to 40) made up of internalising and externalising subscales (each scored from 0 to 20), where higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. The SDQ Totla Difficulties score is used. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | Youth Top Problems is a validated idiographic measure that identifies, prioritises, and scores the respondent’s three main problems on a scale from 0 to 10, with a mean score obtained by averaging the individual problem ratings; higher scores indicate more severe problems. Both measures are routinely used in research and practice with diverse adolescent populations that span the target age range in the current study. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | Indicated | 4-5 sessions | 2-3 weeks | Unspecified | Community health worker | School | Michelson | 2020 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Michelson-2020.pdf | N/A | Lancet | Journal Article | ||||
| 230 | MH | Philani Intervention Program | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | The program was delivered by community health workers called mentor mothers (MM), who address the multiple health challenges facing South African mothers during pregnancy and the early postnatal period. The MM home visitors focussed on HIV, alcohol, nutrition and maternal and child health. Cognitive-behavioural principles informed the approach, and the philosophy was one of supporting mothers to solve the problem, rather than to provide solutions to daily challenges. | Maternal Mental Health | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 1238 | 1238 pregnant mothers above the age of 18 | 18+ | Female | N/A | South African | Female | Internal, Child development | Symptoms of distress, Parenting skills, Child development | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Maternal mood and symptoms of depressed mood were collected during the face to face interview with the data collector using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (Cox et al. 1996), a 10-item measure that has been extensively used in South Africa and other LMIC (Cooper et al. 1999; Hartley et al. 2011; Tomlinson et al. 2015). The EPDS items are rated on a scale of 0–3 for severity. A score greater than 13 was used to indicate the presence of depressed mood (Lawrie et al. 1998) at recruitment when mothers-to-be were an average of 26 weeks pregnant. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | The Bayley Scales, version II, was administered to children at 18-months post-birth (Bayley, 1993). The assessment was conducted in a township research site by trained research assistants who were blind to intervention condition. NOTE: Effect was only observed if looking at percentage of children who had Bayley cognitive composite score ≥85 (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.23–8.21) between depressed moms in the intervention and depressed moms in the standard care groups. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | The length and weight of each child was recorded on scales, with the scales calibration checked weekly. Infant growth was assessed by converting infant anthropometric data (collected from birth records and growth monitoring) to Weight-for-Age (WAZ), Heightfor-Age (HAZ) and Weight-for-Length by Age (WLAZ) Z-scores based on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) age-adjusted norms. A Z-score less than −2 was considered a serious health deficit (i.e., undernourished or stunted) (Cogill, 2003). NOTE: Only significant if looking at infants at 18 months of mothers with antenatally depressed mood with WAZ ≥ −2 (odds ratio (OR) 4.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–18.49). Not if looking at other physical outcomes or when comparing non-depressed mothers in both groups. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | No | No diagnostic interview for depression | Caregiving | Skills-focused interventions | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.2 Stregthening parenting/family supports | Family | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 16 sessions on average over 6 months | Unclear | Unspecified | Peer | Home | Tomlinson | 2018 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28606206/ | N/A | EPS | Journal Article | ||||
| 235 | PSS | Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Intervention | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | Those randomized to the intervention group (n = 88) received eight cognitive–behavioral intervention sessions addressing the relationship between alcohol and IPV, triggers for alcohol use and IPV, consequences and prevention of IPV. Sessions were delivered face-to-face, and each session lasted 45–60 minutes. Patients were taught cognitive–behavioral techniques such as relaxation, anger management, assertiveness training and cognitive restructuring. The study was conducted in an inpatient setting where there was no opportunity for drinking and the spouses/children typically visit once a week. | Substance use | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 177 | 177 male patients with alcohol dependence syndrome admitted for treatment into an inpatient psychiatric unit. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of ADS on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview–version 5 (MINI 5.0), were 21 + years, currently married, had at least one child below 16 years, screened positive for perpetration of any form of IPV (physical, sexual, psychological) in the past 6 months, and whose primary caregiver was the wife, were invited to participate in the study. | 21+, average = 38 years of age | Male | N/A | Indian | Male | Substance use, Harm, Internal | Alcohol use | Alcohol use | N/A | Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ; Stockwell, Murphy, & Hodgson, 1983) was administered on the index patient. This scale designed by the World Health Organization consists of 20 statements rated on a 4 point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater dependence. The reliability and validity of SADQ are high (0.89–0.94). | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Violence Reduction | N/A | Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA; Coker, Pope, Smith, Sanderson, & Hussey, 2001) consisting of 30 Likert-type items, was administered on the wife to assess the severity of spousal physical and non-physical violence. The original factor structure of the scale yielded two factors: physical and non-physical abuse and the internal consistency were 0.90. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) was administered on the wife to assess the severity of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms. The scale consists of 21 statements: 7 each for symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. The psychometric properties of the scale in terms of internal consistency (0.91), test–retest reliability (0.98) has been found to be adequate. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Emotional/behavioral problems in children | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ;Goodman,1997)was administered on the wife to assess the presenceof emotional/behavioral problems in their children. TheSDQ consists of 25 statements rated on a three point Likertscale and yields 5 factors: emotional, conduct, hyperactivity,peer problems and prosocial. Sig improvement. | No | N/A | Multi-component | Multi-approach interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | Indicated | 8 sessions | Weekly | 45-60 minutes | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | Clinic/health facility | Satyanarayana | 2016 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2016.02.005 | N/A | JSAT | Journal Article | ||||
| 236 | MH | PRemIum for aDolEscents (PRIDE) | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Children | Some positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | The PRIDE intervention model is situated in secondary schools and built around a transdiagnostic stepped care architecture, which comprises a brief problem-solving intervention (“Step 1”) and a higher-intensity personalized psychological treatment (“Step 2”) for adolescents who do not respond to the first-line intervention. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 250 | The participants were adolescents in grades 9 to 12 who scored at or above the locally validated “borderline” cutoff scores of 19 for boys and 20 for girls on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Total Difficulties scale, reported an “abnormal” score of 2 or more on the SDQ Impact scale, and indicated persistent problems of more than 1 month on the SDQ Chronicity index. Adolescents were excluded if they needed urgent medical attention from a specialist, were receiving another mental health intervention, had taken part in previous PRIDE studies, demonstrated receptive/expressive language difficulties that affected their ability to participate fully in trial procedures, or declined consent for research participation. | Unclear, average = 16 | Both | No | Indian | Both | Internal, other, external | Symptoms of distress, Violence Reduction | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Mental health symptoms were measured using the SDQ Total Difficulties score (range: 0 to 40), which is derived by summing 20 items covering both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Other | N/A | Psychosocial problems was measured using the Youth Top Problems (YTP) score (range: 0 to 10), which is an idiographic measure for which an overall score is derived by averaging individual ratings for up to 3 prioritized problems nominated by the respondent. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Other | Externalizing behaviors | SDQ Externalizing subscale. No further information re: adaptation. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Internalizing symptoms, perceived stress, wellbeing, proportion of remitted cases | SDQ Internalizing symptoms sub scale - sig diff. Perceived Stress Scale 4 - sig difference. Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale - sig diff. Proportion of remited cases as defined using crossing clinical threshold method and defined as scoring below eligibility thresholds on the SDQ Total Difficulties scale and SDQ Impact Scale. No sig diff | No | N/A | Cognitive/General | Skills-focused interventions | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.3 Other psychosocial support in education | Individual | Health | Indicated | 4-5 sessions | Over three weeks (variable frequency depending on students' schedule) | Unspecified | Community health worker | School | Malik | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003778 | N/A | PLoS Medicine | Journal Article | ||||
| 245 | MH | GROW Program | Cognitive-behavioral | Observational | Health | Middle East and North Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Skills-focused interventions | The GROW program consists of eight sessions lasting approximately 2–3 hours per session. The program consists of six parts, each of which aim to cultivate key character qualities and core competencies for overall health and wellbeing. Each program section is built upon the previous, necessitating the program to be facilitated in sequential order. The groups completed one session per day, four days per week for two weeks. The GROW program was designed to meet the needs of those in acute crisis or trauma situations. It aims to equip and empower individuals in five areas: (a) mental; (b) emotional; (c) behavioral; (d) relational; and (e) spiritual wellbeing. The GROW program endeavors to help people who have survived critical incidence and tragic circumstances better understand their experience, and be directly equipped with the knowledge, skills and courage to GROW through their personal challenges. The program was created as an early intervention program designed to circumvent trauma by preventing the trauma from taking hold in a person’s life. The GROW program may be facilitated by professionals and non-professionals alike upon completion of comprehensive facilitator training. Implementation of this program is suitable for refugee camps, rehabilitation centers, community settings and private clinics. | Displacement/Recent resettlement | Cohort study | N/A | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 766 | Internally displaced persons from four camps in Iraq - Khanke, Essien, Kabarto, Soran Camp | 12-98 | Both | Yes | Kurdish/Iraqi | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Symptoms of PTSD were assessed using the Screen for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (SPTSS; Carlson, 2001Carlson, E. B. (2001). The SPTSS is a brief screen for the symptoms of PTSD. Items were designed to match the criteria for PTSD as listed in DSM-IV and aimed to use simple language for broad utility. The items were translated into the Behdini Kurdish language by program facilitators after thorough explanation of each item by the Clinical Specialist, but were not adapted or validated. Cronbach’s alpha for the scale were good to excellent across time points (Time 1 = .88; Time 2 = .84; Time 3 = .90) and are generally consistent with the alpha reported in development study of the SPTSS (.91; Carlson, 2001). | Observed improvement | Improvement among both males and females, but greater improvement among females. | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No control group; the presented results may simply reflect a change that is due to passage of time, the benefits of regularly gathering with others, completing the measures multiple times, or many other threats to internal validity; use of a number of different assessment strategies – some data were collected verbally while others completed the measures in paper-and-pencil format; the SPTSS went through a limited translation procedure as compared to typical best practices (Sweetland et al., 2014); use of PTSD symptoms as the sole outcome instead of including outcomes on resilience and posttraumatic growth. | Psychosocial structured activities | Skills-focused interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.5 Individual or group psychological debriefing | Group | N/A | Selective/Secondary prevention | 8 sessions, 2 weeks | 1 session per day, 4 days per week | 2-3 hours | Community health worker | Other | Lancaster | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1773446 | N/A | ASC | Journal Article | |||||
| 248 | MH | Programme for Improving Mental Health Care | Cognitive-behavioral | Quasi-experimental | Health | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | In this intervention, PRIME evaluated the mental health services for suicidality/depression and AUD in Nepal over the course of twelve months. Interventions for AUD and suicidality/depression were split up into two different interventions both comparing results at baseline, three months and twelve months. Participants who enrolled in the treatment cohorts received psychotropic medication, psychosocial support or psychoeducation. These included a healthy activity program which is a behavioral activation therapy and counseling for alcohol program which is a motivational activation program that works to develop cognitive and behavioral skills. | Chronic poverty | Cohort study | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 209 participants for depression cohort. 214 participants for Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) cohort. | Participants are both men and women who were screened for depression or AUD. The participants received an official diagnosis of depression or AUD before being tested in their cohorts. A patient health questionnaie was used to screen for depression and AUD was diagnosed though the alcohol use disorder identification test. | 18 and older | Both | No | Nepalis Men and Women | Substance Use, Wellbeing | Symptoms of distress, Alcohol use | Symptoms of distress | Reduction in Suicidal Ideation | Recent suicidal ideation was assessed through a promp. Participants were asked "have you thought of taking your life in the past three months?" | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Alcohol use | N/A | Ten item AUDIT. The AUDIT was developed by the WHO and is used as a measurement and detection of AUD. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | Depression | Patient health questinonaire was used to screen for depression. If participants screened positive they would complete a psychiatric diagnostic interview. Nepal is at high risk of depression. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | Limited comparability between the treatment and comparison cohorts. Those who screened positive but were not confirmed with a diagnosis were enrolled in the comparison conditions and that limits the validity of cross cohort comparisons. Another limitation is they evaluated suicidal ideation rather than attempts taken. | Cognitive/General | Multi-approach interventions | 8. Psychological Intervention | 8.3 Interventions for alcohol/substance use | Individual | N/A | Indicated | 2014 to 2016 | HAP is delivered individually over six to eight week sessions. CAP is delivered over four weekly sessions. | n/a | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Aldridge | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231158 | n/a | Plos One | Journal Article | ||||||
| 257 | MH | Self-Help Plus | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Health | Middle East and North Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Structural interventions | The Self-Help Plus intervention consists of a pre-recorded audio course, delivered by trained facilitators in a group setting and complemented with an illustrated self-help book adapted for the target cultural group. The intervention is based on accept- ance and commitment therapy, a form of cognitive behavioural therapy. The audio material imparts key information about stress management and guides participants through individual exercises and small group discussions. The self-help book reviews all essential content and concepts. In this study, a version of the intervention previously adapt- ed for Syrian populations was used. The adaptation followed a WHO protocol and involved adapting the audio recordings to a colloquial form of Arabic widely understood in Syria, and cultur- ally adapting the illustrations. | Displacement/Recent resettlement | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 642 | Adult Syrian refugees experiencing psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire ≥3), but without a diagnosis of mental disorder. Participants were included if they met the following criteria: a) aged 18 years or older; b) able to speak and understand Arabic; c) being under temporary protection according to Law on Foreigners and International Protection; d) experiencing psychological distress, as shown by a score of 3 or more on the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)17,18; e) having completed oral and written informed consent to enter the study. | Mean age = 31.5±9.0 years (no exact age range provided) | Both | No | Syrian, Yemeni, Iraqi | Internal | Other, Symptoms of distress, Symptoms of distress | Other | Presence of current mental disorder | Current mental disorder was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. A validated version of the mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) into Moroccan Colloquial Arabic language was used (Kadri et al., 2005). The MINI demonstrated good psychometric properties. The concordance between translated MINI's and expert diagnoses was good with kappa values greater than 0.80. The reliability inter-rater and test-retest were excellent with kappa values above 0.80 and 0.90, respectively (Kadri et al., 2005). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Psychological distress was measured using the GHQ-12 questionnaire, in which items are rated on a four-point Likert scale, giving a maximum total score of 36. The study used a validated and adapted version of the measure for Arabic speaking populations (el-Rufaie, 1996). Using the simple Likert scoring method, the best cut-off point of the GHQ–30, that balances between sensitivity and specificity, was 31/32 with a sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.83, and that of the GHQ–12 was 12/13 with a sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity 0.80. The total discriminatory powers of the GHQ–30 and GHQ–12 were approximately 93 and 86%, respectively. Both versions of the GHQ were found to have a significant concurrent validity (el-Rufaie, 1996). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | PTSD symptoms were assessed by the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), a 20-item questionnaire giving a maximum total score of 80. The study used a validated version of the measure (Ibrahim et al., 2018). The internal consistency of the PCL-5 was high (alpha = .85) and the instrument showed an adequate convergent validity. Using the cut-off score of 23, the PCL-5 achieved the optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve = .82, p < .001; sensitivity = .82, specificity = .70). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Personally identified psychological outcomes | Psychological Outcome Profiles (PSYCHLOPS) - the measure asks participants to describe two problems from their own perspective and rate their severity on a six-point scale (maximum score: 18). | 1. As with most RCTs of psychological interventions, a double-blind design was not feasible. 2. The study had to switch from face-to-face to remote (online or telephone) assessments due to the COVID-19 pandemic during follow-up. It is unclear if this change, which equally applied to both study arms, might have affected the participants’ responses. 3. At baseline, we did not assess the history of any previous mental disorder. Consequently, mental disorders at follow-up could include both new cases and recurrences of previous mental disorders. | Brief intervention | Structural interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | N/A | Indicated | 5 sessions | Not reported. | 2 hour sessions | Peer | Unclear | Acarturk | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20939 | N/A | WP | Journal Article | ||||||
| 262 | MH | Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE) | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Health | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Some positive outcomes | Structural interventions | The EASE intervention was developed by the WHO to reduce symptoms of internalizing disorders, including depression and anxiety, among young adolescents living in contexts of adversity in LMICs. The manualized intervention consists of seven weekly group sessions for 10- to 14-year-olds, and is designed to be delivered in-person by non-specialist facilitators. Group sessions last around 90 min and focus on delivering evidence-based cognitive behavioral strategies including psychoeducation, stress management, behavioral activation, problem-solving, and relapse prevention. The intervention also includes three 2-h group sessions for caregivers, which focus on psychoeducation, active listening, slow breathing, positive parenting strategies (e.g., praise, boosting a child’s confidence, and discontinuing physical discipline), caregiver self-care (e.g., sleep, nutrition, and stress reduction strategies), and relapse prevention. | Displacement/Recent resettlement | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Mixed | Pre-post | 146 | Study participants were 82 Burundian young adolescents (ages10-14) and their 64 caregivers living in six villages in Zone A of Mtendeli refugee camp. Eligible adolescents were those who screened positive for psycho- logical distress based on a score ≥8 on the Kirundi version of the Child Psychosocial Distress Screener (CPDS) (Jordans, Komproe, Ventevogel, Tol, & de Jong, 2008). | 10-14 | Both | Yes | Burundian | Internal; Wellbeing; Function; External, social, skills; Skills | Symptoms of distress, Wellbeing | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Adolescent psychological distress was assessed using the total problem score from the African Youth Psychosocial Assessment (AYPA), which consists of 33 items with a 4-point response scale (range 0–99, α = 0.92) and encompasses three subscales: internalizing symptoms (19 items, range 0–57, α = 0.93), externalizing symptoms (10 items, range 0–30, α = 0.66), and somatic complaints (4 items, range 0–12, α = 0.54) (Betancourt, Yang, Bolton, & Normand, 2014). The AYPA also includes a subscale capturing prosocial behaviors (8 items, range 0–24, α = 0.62). | Observed improvement | Positive effects for both, but more in males | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Adolescent PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) (Foa, Johnson, Feeny, & Tread- well, 2001). This 17-item measure uses a 4-point response scale to assess PTSD symptoms (range 0–51, α = 0.92). | Observed improvement | Not reported | Wellbeing | N/A | Adolescent mental well-being was assessed with the 14-item Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS; 5-point response scale, range 0–28, α = 0.74) (Tennant et al., 2007). | Observed improvement | Not reported | Adolescent exposure to violence; Adolescent functional impairment; Caregiver psychological distress; Caregiver parenting style | Adolescent exposure to violence was examined using a locally developed list of 33 dichotomous items (yes or no) that assessed lifetime experiences of violence perpe- trated both by caregivers and non-caregivers. Adolescent functional impairment was assessed using a locally developed 10-item scale capturing difficulties experienced on such daily activities as studying, household chores, hygiene, and religious activities (4-point response scale, range 0–30, α = 0.67). This scale was adapted from prior qualitative research among war-affected youth in Burundi (Tol et al., 2014). Caregiver psychological distress was measured with the 6-item Kessler-6 (K6) (Kessler et al., 2002). Items in the K6 are measured on a 5-point response scale (range 0–24, α = 0.85). Caregiver parenting style was measured using a 15-item version of the Alabama Parenting Ques- tionnaire (APQ, α = 0.62) (Scott, Briskman, & Dadds, 2011; Shelton, Frick, & Wootton, 1996). The scale has established cross-cultural validity in a range of settings (Badahdah and Le, 2016; Kessler et al., 2010; Liang et al., 2021). | First, several of the included measures were not specifically validated with Burundian refugees in Tanzania, and have had limited prior use in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the measures capturing prosocial behaviors, externalizing symptoms, functional impairment, and parenting may require further adaptation for use in this setting, as evidenced by their low internal consistency and limited convergent validity. Second, the significant level of missingness in the caregiver-reported version of the AYPA precludes our ability to examine multiple informant-reported outcomes. Third, there were statistical imbalances between the EASE and ETAU groups in terms of siblings in the study, which could potentially influence intervention effectiveness and should thus be balanced in a definitive trial. A fourth limitation is in the relatively small sample size for both the feasibility cRCT and the process evaluation, limiting the ability for detailed sub-group analyses. | Brief intervention, Psychoeducation, Stress management, Youth-focused | Structural interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | N/A | Indicated | 7 weeks | Weekly | 90 minute session | Community health worker | Community | Fine | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103944 | N/A | BRT | Journal Article | ||||||
| 264 | MH | Self-Help Plus | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Health | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Self-Help Plus is based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), a modern variant of cognitive behavioral therapy. ACT uses specific techniques (eg, cognitive defusion, mindfulness exercises, and values clarification exercises) to help promote psychological flexibility—the ability to contact the present moment more fully and to maintain or change behaviour so that the person behaves in a way that is consistent with their subjectively identified values. Self-Help Plus was delivered in pairs by eight female facilitators: seven Ugandans residing in the area, and one South Sudanese refugee. The facilitator’s role was limited, focusing on playing the audio recording, responding to questions and disruptions, and facilitating highly scripted individual exercises and small group discussions. Self-Help Plus comprises a prerecorded psycho- educational audio course of five weekly 2-h sessions, delivered in workshops with 20–30 participants. An illustration-based self-help book with minimal text covers key points from audio sessions. Enhanced usual care was provided to participants in both study groups. All participants met once for 30 min with a trained community health worker who provided psychoeducation using a structured script covering overthinking and strategies for self- management. In addition, participants were provided information on where to access existing mental health services. | Displacement/Recent resettlement | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 694 | Female South Sudanese refugees with at least moderate levels of psychological distress (cutoff ≥5 on the Kessler 6 (K6)) | M = 30.9; SD = 10.9 | Female | N/A | Ethnicities are as follows: Kakwa (49%); Dinka (10%); Nuer (6%); Other (33%) | Internal, Social, Skills, Wellbeing, Substance Use | Symptoms of distress, Wellbeing | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Kessler 6, first as a screener, and then re-administered at immediate post-treatment and 3-month follow-up assessment All questionnaires were administered in interview format by trained, educated Ugandan Nationals proficient in Juba Arabic and English. Measures were translated using a structured procedure including: initial translation from English to Juba Arabic by a bilingual team, with immediate back-translation to English to ensure appropriate translation by the study team; review by an independent South Sudanese mental health expert to assess translations for clinical validity; and several rounds of piloting in which we checked item functioning and consulted with a bilingual team and the community advisory board about comprehensibility, acceptability and other response set issues, relevance, and completeness | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | PTSD Checklist- Civilian six-item version (PCL-6), using a five-point scale (range six to 30; α=0·72). All questionnaires were administered in interview format by trained, educated Ugandan Nationals proficient in Juba Arabic and English. Measures were translated using a structured procedure including: initial translation from English to Juba Arabic by a bilingual team, with immediate back-translation to English to ensure appropriate translation by the study team; review by an independent South Sudanese mental health expert to assess translations for clinical validity; and several rounds of piloting in which we checked item functioning and consulted with a bilingual team and the community advisory board about comprehensibility, acceptability and other response set issues, relevance, and completeness | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Wellbeing | N/A | subjective wellbeing was assessed with the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index (WHO-5), which contains 5 questions on six-point scale (range zero to 25; α=0·78) All questionnaires were administered in interview format by trained, educated Ugandan Nationals proficient in Juba Arabic and English. Measures were translated using a structured procedure including: initial translation from English to Juba Arabic by a bilingual team, with immediate back-translation to English to ensure appropriate translation by the study team; review by an independent South Sudanese mental health expert to assess translations for clinical validity; and several rounds of piloting in which we checked item functioning and consulted with a bilingual team and the community advisory board about comprehensibility, acceptability and other response set issues, relevance, and completeness | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Functional impairment; Hazardous alcohol use; Personally identified problems; Depression Symptoms; Anger; Interactions between ethnic groups | Functional impairment measure with WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2·0 (WHODAS). Found to improve. Hazardous alcohol use was assessed but not included in analyses because only four participants reported using alcohol at baseline. Personally identified problems were examined with the Psychological Outcome Profiles instrument (PSYCHLOPS),35 which asks participants to describe two problems from their own perspective and rate problem severity on a six-point scale (range zero to 18; α=0·65). Depression symptoms measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire, nine-item version (PHQ-9), which has a four-point scale (range zero to 27; α=0·67). Anger was assessed using two dichotomous questions asking about explosive anger attacks Interactions between ethnic groups was measured with three questions concerning positive interactions between ethnic groups (greeting, conversing with, and meeting with people from other ethnic groups; scored on a four-point scale [range zero to 12]; α=0·74). | * Psychological distress measure had a lower than acceptable internal consistency of 0·65, indicating it might tap into multiple types of mental health phenomena rather than one unified concept * did not control for frequency of contact with service providers between study conditions. | Mindfulness; Cognitive/General; Stress management | Therapeutic interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8. 4 Psychotherapy | Individual | N/A | Indicated | 5 weeks | weekly | 2 hour sessions | Community health worker | Unclear | Tol | 2020 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Tol-2020.pdf | N/A | The Lancet | Journal Article | ||||||
| 265 | MH | Smartphone-Based Stress Management App | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Health | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | Two smartphone-based stress management programs (program A and program B) were developed in the ABC Stress Management app. Program A was a free-choice multimodule program, in which participants could select a module to complete each week in any order. Program B was a fixed-sequential order multimodule program, in which participants were required to complete one module per week in a fixed order. The contents of program were based on a previous online stress management program to reduce the distress of office workers in Japan. Program B included CBT-based stress management skills adapted from a previous iCBT program that reduced depressive symptoms in Japanese office workers. Each program contained 6 modules. It took about 15 minutes to complete one module. Programs developed based on discussions with Vietnamese nurses to consider the cultures and specific stressors that they could have at work. Several meetings were held to allow 30 head nurses to share their stressful experiences at work and their reflections on the draft program content; these head nurses were also invited to participate in reviewing the programs, and the programs were revised based on their feedback | Stressful Work Enviornment | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | N/A | 949 | ~19-47 | Both | Unknown | Vietnamese | Function | Performance | Performance | N/A | Work Engagement was measured with the short form of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale–9 item (UWES-9). The UWES-9 uses a self-report 7-point rating scale (0= never; 6= every day). The Vietnamese version of UWES-9 has been validated in a Vietnam in a seperate study with a large sample size and a Cronbachh's alpha of 0.93 (dx.doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12157 ). The UWES-9 consists of 3 subscales (vigor, dedication, and absorption) that contain 3 items each.The Cronbach alpha coefficients of the UWES-9 and vigor, absorption, and dedication subscales were .93, .86, .77, and .90, respectively. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the 3-factor structure was acceptable. | Observed improvement | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | * participants were recruited from a large and prestigious national general hospital in Hanoi, and were limited to full-time nurses with a personal smartphone, limiting generalizability * the possibility of contamination of information to the control group may have reduced differences between intervention and control groups, resulting in possible underestimation of intervention effectiveness not fully controlled in this study * all outcomes in this study were measured by self-report | Cognitive/General, Psychoeducation, Stress management | Specific health topic interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8. 4 Psychotherapy | Individual | N/A | Selective/Secondary prevention | 6 weeks (for the Program B intervention arm; unstructured for Program A intervention arm) | weekly (for the Program B intervention arm; unstructured for Program A intervention arm) | 15 minutes | Mobile App/Website Delivered | Unclear | Sasaki | 2021 | https://www.jmir.org/2021/2/e20445 | N/A | JMIR | Journal Article | ||||||
| 269 | PSS | Katatagan Kontra Droga sa Komunidad (Resilience against Drugs in Community, KKDK) | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Health | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | The intervention consisted of 24 modules, 18 individual modules focusing on drug recovery and life skills and six family modules. Modules rested on principals from motivational interviewing (modules 1-4), cognitive behavioral therapy (modules 5-17), and mindfulness. In addition, the intervention consists of 6 family sessions to help family members better understand the impact of drugs, build their interpersonal skills, and strengthen communication within the family. | Substance use | Case-control (non-random) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 234 | The sample consisted of 50 plea-bargainers who were released into the community, 63 prisoners prior to release, and 121 in the control group ( prisoners who had applied for plea-bargaining but whose release had not yet been approved and who had not yet received the KKDK Intensive program) | 30s | Both | No | Filipino | Substance Use, Skills | Substance use, Life skills | Substance use | N/A | Substance use dependence symptoms was based on the World Health Organization’s (2016) International Classification of Diseases – 10th edition (ICD-10). It was measured using the ICD-10 checklist for mental disorders (psychoactive substance use) that asks participants to indicate whether or not they experience symptoms such as cravings, withdrawal and harmful effects. Internal consistency reliability was 0.77 (pre-test) and 0.72 (post-test). | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Life skills | N/A | Adapted from Sharma’s (2003) life skills questionnaire, selected items were used to measure the life skills taught in the program. A total of 15 items measured skills related to relational, interpersonal, decision-making, problem-solving, coping with stress and coping with emotions. Sample items include, “I can seek support from others” and “I can make decisions about important life plans.” Participants were asked the extent to which they agree with the statements using a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree). Internal consistency (Cronbach’s a) was 0.86 (pretest) and 0.91 (post-test). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Life skills | N/A | Selected items from Litman, Stapleton, Oppenheim and Peleg’s coping behaviors inventory (Litman et al., 1984) were used to measure recovery skills of drug users. Participants rated 17 items using a four-point forced Likert scale (0 = never; 3 = always). Sample items include, “staying away from people who use drugs,” and “joining groups that help people stop using drugs.” Internal consistency (Cronbach’s a) was 0.92 (pre-test) and 0.93(post-test). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | Multi-component | Multi-approach interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | N/A | Indicated | 22-24 weeks | Twice weekly | Unspecified | Church volunteers and anti-drug abuse personnel in the prison / city center | Prison and anti-drug abuse city office | Hechanova | 2020 | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJPH-09-2019-0044/full/html | N/A | IJPH | Journal Article | ||||||
| 270 | PSS | Unnamed Alcohol Reduction Intervention | Cognitive-behavioral | Experimental | Health | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | No positive outcomes | Two alcohol reduction counseling interventions guided by CBT and MET were selected and culturally adapted. Brief intervention comprised two individual counseling sessions and two booster telephone sessions. Face-to-face sessions occurred approximately 1 month apart, and each telephone session occurred approximately 2–3 weeks after each face-to-face session. The face-to-face sessions were designed to raise awareness of the harmful HIV-related effects of drinking and to strengthen the patient’s commitment to reduce their alcohol use. The telephone sessions reviewed progress and renewed motivation and commitment to change. The combined integrated intervention comprised six mandatory counseling sessions and three optional group sessions. Individual face-to-face sessions occurred approximately 1 week apart. The mandatory sessions were designed to develop coping skills to assist the patient in managing alcohol cravings and high-risk moods and situations. The session content included a review of drinking patterns and the harmful HIV-related effects of drinking and skill-building for alcohol use behavior change (i.e. skills for drinking refusal, managing cravings and triggers and development of positive thoughts and attitudes). The sixth session focused on communication skills-building and social support; participants could bring a support person to this session. | Substance use | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 426 | Participant recruitment took place at seven ART community clinics in Thai Nguyen. Inclusion criteria were: (1) current ART patient at the clinic; (2) Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) score ≥ 4 [28]; (3) aged 18 years or older; and (4) plan on residing in Thai Nguyen for the next 24 months. Exclusion criteria included: (1) unable to participate in study due to psychological disturbance, cognitive impairment or threatening behavior (assessed by study staff); (2) unwilling to provide locator information and informed consent; and (3) participating in other HIV, drug use or alcohol project(s). | median age = 40 | Male | N/A | Vietnamese | External, Substance use | Violence Reduction, Alcohol use, | Violence Reduction | N/A | Recent IPV perpetration among any current or previous partner was measured with the validated shortened Conflict Tactics Scale 2 (CTS2). The scale comprises six items; two items each measure psychological, physical and sexual IPV perpetration. At baseline, participants were asked about any IPV events in the past year. At follow-up study visits, the recall period was the past 3 months. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Alcohol use | N/A | Using the Alcohol Timeline Followback, alcohol use was assessed as the proportion of days alcohol abstinent in the past 30 days (0–1). The TLFB is an interviewer-administered daily behavior calendar that is valid and reliable across settings and populations | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Group | N/A | Indicated | Unclear | Unclear | Unspecified | Psychosocial counselor | Unclear | Hershow | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15496 | N/A | Addiction | Journal Article | |||||||
| 129 | PSS | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Transdiagnostic intervention that included (1) psychoeducation; (2) cognitive coping/restructuring; (3) im- aginal exposure; (4) safety; and, (5) finishing/wrap-up | Torture | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 149 | Survivors of organized violence in souther Iraq (Karbala, Najaf, Hilla) | Mean of 40s | Both | No | Iraqi | Both | Internal, Function | Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Symptoms of distress | N/A | PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression and Anxiety. During translation, one HSCL item (feeling hopeless about the future) and two HTQ items (feeling as if you don’t have a future; hopelessness) were very similar in local Arabic. Only one (feeling hopeless) was used. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Functioning | N/A | A local measurement of functioning based on locally described roles of men and women. Participants were asked how difficult it was for them to do each task in the prior 2 weeks on an ordinal scale of 0 (no difficulty) to 4 (unable to do the task). For example, men were asked how difficult it was for them to communicate or socialize. Women were asked how difficult it was to raise their children. In the final in- strument, there were 21 items on the male dysfunction scale and 21 items on the female dysfunction scale. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Individual | Health | 8-12 weekly individual sessions with 50-60 min in length | N/A | Community health worker | Clinic/health facility | Weiss | 2015 | https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-015-0622-7 | N/A | BMC Psychiatry | Journal Article | |||||||
| 157 | MH | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The Common Elements Treatment Approach for youth (CETA-Youth; Table 1) was developed by two authors (LKM, SD), based on other common elements or trans- diagnostic treatment research from the USA (Chorpita & Weisz, 2009a, b; Weisz et al., 2012; Chorpita et al., 2017), and designed specifically for training and delivery by non-professional, lay providers, in low- resource settings (Murray et al., 2014a). CETA is an approach that teaches cognitive-behavioral therapy elements common to evidence-based treatments (EBTs) (Chorpita et al., 2005) for trauma, anxiety, depression, and behavioral problems, and also how to combine these elements to treat different presenting problems and comorbidity | Displacement/Recent resettlement | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Mixed | Pre-post | 38 | Somali refugee children living in refugee camps on the Ethiopian/Somali border | 7-18 | Both | No | Somali | Both | Internal, Child development | Child development, Symptoms of distress, Wellbeing | Child development | Externalizing and internalizing symptoms | Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Measures internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Respondents reported their frequency of experiencing each symptom, with responses coded on a three-point Likert-type scale ranging from ‘0’ (not true) to ‘2’ (very often true). The CBCL/YSR has evidenced excellent internal reliability in previous studies in the USA (Crijnen et al., 1997; Ivanova et al., 2007; Berubé & Achenbach, 2010), LMIC (Murray et al., 2015), and during the validation study for this project (Hall et al., 2014). The reliability coeffi- cients for caregivers and children were 0.95 and 0.88 for the Internalizing Scale, 0.89 and 0.93 for the Externalizing Scale, respectively. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Child Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale- Interview format (CPSS-I) (Foa et al., 2001) assessed 17 PTS symptoms on a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from ‘0’ (never) to ‘3’ (all the time). The CPSS has evidenced excellent psychometric properties, with Cronbach’s alpha (α) and test–retest values exceeding 0.80 (Foa et al., 2001). Child and caregiver forms of the instrument assessed the child’s symptoms. Although the CPSS-I does not have a caregiver version, the scale was adapted to assess caregiver report of chil- dren’s symptoms. The internal reliability obtained in the validation study for both caregivers and children was 0.95, and 0.85, and combined test–retest and inter- rater reliability was reasonable for caregivers (r = 0.72) and children (rs = 0.45) (Hall et al., 2014). Cronbach’s α was 0.94 for caregivers and children in the current study. | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Wellbeing | N/A | The Orphans and Vulnerable Children Wellbeing Tool (Senefeld et al., 2009) measured aspects related to child well-being. Sample items included ‘I am as happy as other kids my age,’ ‘I feel secure in my neighborhood,’ and ‘My body is physically healthy.’ This instrument was developed for use with orphans and vulnerable children. The present project utilized a 31-item version of the instrument (reduced from 36 items), which was psychometrically evaluated in the validity study (as above), and shown to have a high reliability and com- bined test–retest and interrater reliability for children, but not for caregiver report. Therefore, the instrument was only used to measure children’s self-reported well- being. The scale had excellent reliability in the present project (Cronbach’s α = 0.94). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | Yes | Hopkins and IRC | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9. Clinical management of mental disorders by non-specialized health care providers (e.g. primary health care, post-surgery wards) | 9.1 Non-pharmacological management | Individual | Health | Indicated | 6-12 sessions | Weekly | 60-90 minutes/session | Community health worker | Other | Murray | 2018 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29868236/ | N/A | GMH | Journal Article | |||
| 165 | MH | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | CETA is a transdiagnostic treatment approach developed by two authors (L. M. and S. D.) for delivery by lay counselors in low- resource settings with few mental health professionals [9]. Like transdiagnostic approaches developed for HICs, CETA was designed to treat symptoms of common mental health disorders including depression, PTS, and anxiety. Differences between CETA and HIC-based models include the following: (1) fewer elements, (2) simplified language, (3) brief step-by-step guides for each element (1–2 pages), including example quotes of what counselors could say, (4) specific attempts to make the complex concepts of cognitive coping and cognitive restructuring compo- nents more accessible to counselors and clients, such as the use of concrete strategies often used in child-focused interventions, and (5) training the provider in element selection, sequencing, and dosing for each client rather than having decision-making done by higher level professionals (who may not be widely available in low- resource settings). | Displacement/Recent resettlement | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 347 | 347 Burmese refugees in Thailand | 18-65 | Both | Yes | Burmese | Both | Internal, Function | Symptoms of distress, Functioning | Symptoms of distress | N/A | HSCL-25 [17] depression subscale. Local adaptation included adding two items (‘‘always stay alone’’ and ‘‘disappointed’’), based on qualitative data suggesting these were important local depression-like symptoms. Respondents reported symptom frequency in the last month (0 [‘‘none of the time’’] to 3 [‘‘almost always’’]). Internal consistency (a), measured from baseline trial assessments (n = 347), and test-retest/inter-rater reliability (r), measured locally prior to the start of the trial during the validation study, were acceptable (a = 0.79, r = 0.84) [29]. All outcome measures were adapted to the local context and tested during a prior instrument validation study [29]. Adaptations were based on qualitative data. Validation consisted of an exploratory factor analysis, an internal consistency measure (using Cronbach’s a) [30], and a combined test-retest/inter-rater reliability measure (using Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient r) [31] for each scale used to measure outcomes. Criterion validity was explored for depression and PTSS by comparing mean scores on the HSCL-25 and HTQ among those who were identified by self and other local persons as having depression and PTS-like problems, respectively [29]. | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Symptoms of distress | N/A | PTSS were measured using the 30 symptom items of the HTQ [17]. Local adaptation included adding specific Burmese language phrases from qualitative data to statements in the instrument, for example, ‘‘face is sweating, heart beats quickly’’ was added to the standard statement ‘‘sudden emotional or physical reaction when reminded of the most hurtful or traumatic event,’’ in order to increase clarity of the statement after translation. A total of ten items in the HTQ were adapted with specific local language. | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Functioning | N/A | Functional impairment was measured using locally developed, sex-specific scales following methods described elsewhere [32]. Items were tasks that respon- dents in the prior qualitative study reported doing regularly to care for themselves, their families, or their communities (e.g., working for income, going to the market). (men: a = 0.90, r = 0.89; women: a = 0.92, r = 0.86) | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Anxiety, aggression, alcohol use | HSCL-25 anxiety subscale, 12-item Aggression Questionnaire, AUDIT | Yes | Hopkins, NGO and CBOs | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9.1 Non-pharmacological management | Individual | Health | Indicated | 7-13 sessions | Weekly | 1 hour session | NGO/INGO Employee | Other | Bolton | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001757 | N/A | PloS M | Journal Article | ||||
| 167 | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | CETA is a cognitive-behavioral, modular, flexible, multi-problem, transdiagnostic treatment model that was developed based on advances in high-income settings and built specifically for implementation in LMICs with lay providers [24]. CETA is not conceptualized as a “new treat- ment” but rather an approach to teaching CBT skills that allows for more effective, efficient, and economic scale-up and sustainability. It specifically addresses the issue of comorbidity in mental and behavioral health, which is the rule, not the exception [29]. CETA comprises 9 evi- dence-based, widely used CBT elements: engagement, introduction/psychoeducation, safety, substance use reduction, cognitive coping and restructuring, problem solving, behavioral acti- vation, relaxation, and exposure (live and imaginal). CETA teaches decision rules on which elements to provide based on research evidence generated worldwide, but permits flexibility, to address comorbidity and individualized treatment. CETA is unique in that (a) it is built spe- cifically for lower-income settings and delivery by lay providers, (b) it addresses multiple prob- lems such as trauma, violence, anxiety, depression, functioning, and behavioral problems for youth, (c) it utilizes steps sheets for stronger fidelity, and (d) it has shown strong effectiveness in multiple randomized clinical trials. CETA was modified to address IPV and alcohol/substance misuse, which is fully described in the previously published protocol paper [25]. Briefly, 2 elements were added to CETA: one on substance use and one on safety for violence. CETA was also modified to be delivered in group format, with separate groups for men and women. TAU-plus included weekly safety check-ins and providing couples with contact information of existing community-based services that offered informal counseling at local organizations in Lusaka. | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)/ Gender-Based Violence (GBV) | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 248 | 248 couples in Zambia | 18-35 | Both | Yes | Zambian | Both | External, substance use | Violence Reduction, Alcohol use | Violence Reduction | N/A | The primary outcome was female self-report of IPV assessed by the Sever- ity of Violence Against Women Scale - physical/sexual violence subscale. In response to these items, women indicated how often they experienced each physical or sexual IPV event using a Likert-type scale in the past 12 months (for baseline, 12-month post-base- line, and 24- month post-baseline visits) or in the past 3 months (for the post-treatment visit). At baseline, scores could range from 38 (the minimum score for inclusion) to 108. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Violence Reduction | N/A | a common IPV measure derived from the World Health Organization (WHO) Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Vio- lence against Women [40]. The WHO-derived measure included 9 items in total (6 physical IPV and 3 sexual IPV). Each asks a woman about how often the experience occurred (never, once, a few times, many times). The reference periods used were the same as for SVAWS. Additionally, the scale was modified so that the items referred to perpetration (rather thanexperience) of the 9 types of violence, and these items were administered to male participants. Four binary variables were derived from this scale to use in analysis. A variable of “any physical IPV” was derived as a 1 (if the woman reported that she experienced at least 1 of the 6 physical IPV items once or more) or 0 (if she reported never experiencing any of the 6 items). A similar “any sexual IPV” binary variable was derived from the 3 sexual IPV items. The same 2 variables were derived with respect to perpetration of physical and sexual IPV from the male reports. | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Alcohol use | N/A | AUDIT. AUDIT is one of the most widely used tools for measuring alcohol consumption and related harms and was validated previously in Zambia [42]. The tool includes 10 items that ask about frequency and quantity of use, binge drinking, abuse and dependence symptoms, and consequences of use. Participants completed report for themselves and for partner. | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8. 4 Psychotherapy | Group | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 2 sessions | Unclear | Unspecified | NGO/INGO Employee | Community | Murray | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.1003056 | N/A | PLoS M | Journal Article | |||||
| 172 | MH | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Latin America and the Caribbean | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | LPCW were trained in the CETA intervention, which is a transdiagnostic psychotherapy model based on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy developed by two of the authors (LM, SD) for use in low-resource contexts.[18] CETA was developed to treat post-traumatic stress, depres- sion, and anxiety and other comorbid problems. Controls were con- tacted by study staff on a monthly basis to screen for acute serious mental problems such as suicide ideation, anxiety, or depression. The participants in the control group were assessed by a psychologist and, when necessary, they were excluded from the study and provided with the appropriate care including psychological care or a referral to a local psychiatry who visits the cities once or twice every month. A psychological evaluation was offered and pro- vided to each of the controls after their completion of the follow-up and, when required, psychological care was provided in ACOPLE centers. | Displacement/Recent resettlement | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 512 | Afro-descendents from Buenaventura and Quibd , Colombia, who met cut-off on Total Mental Health Symptoms Scale and reported reduced functionality in routine activities | 18+, mean = 41.1 | Both | No | Colombian | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Mental health symptoms during the previous month were measured with the TMHS scale of 64 items, ranging from 0 for “never” to 3 for “all the time”, including locally relevant symp- toms and sub-scales of depression (n = 15 symptoms), anxiety (n = 10 symptoms) and post- traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) (n = 16 symptoms). The instruments were translated into Spanish using the language and terminology from the previ- ous qualitative study and included some local and/or culturally appropriate terms to ensure local understanding. In both cities the TMHS showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha was 0.95 in Quibdo ́ and 0.96 in Buenaventura). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Buenaventura: Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and trauma (PTSS) were assessed with a vali- dated instrument built based on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25), the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ),] the PTSD CheckList–Civilian Version (PCL-C), and a qualitative study where general symptoms and other qualitative variables were identified. The instruments were translated into Spanish using the language and terminology from the previ- ous qualitative study and included some local and/or culturally appropriate terms to ensure local understanding. The internal consistency was high for the scales, with depression, anxiety and PTSD Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84, 0.88, and 0.85 in Quibdo ́, and 0.85, 0.88, 0.89 in Buenaventura, respectively | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Quibdo: Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and trauma (PTSS) were assessed with a vali- dated instrument built based on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25), the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ),] the PTSD CheckList–Civilian Version (PCL-C), and a qualitative study where general symptoms and other qualitative variables were identified. The instruments were translated into Spanish using the language and terminology from the previ- ous qualitative study and included some local and/or culturally appropriate terms to ensure local understanding. The internal consistency was high for the scales, with depression, anxiety and PTSD Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84, 0.88, and 0.85 in Quibdo ́, and 0.85, 0.88, 0.89 in Buenaventura, respectively | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | Yes | The CISALVA Institute of Universidad del Valle, Colombia, led these processes with the technical support by faculty at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9. Clinical management of mental disorders by non-specialized health care providers (e.g. primary health care, post-surgery wards) | 9.1 Non-pharmacological management | Group | Health | Indicated | 8-12 sessions | Weekly | 45-60 minutes/session | Community health worker | Unclear | Bonilla-Escobar | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208483 | N/A | PLoS One | Journal Article | |||
| 234 | MH | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Europe and Central Asia | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The common elements treatment approach (CETA) (Murray et al., 2014), a cognitive-behavioral therapy-based treatment, was developed as a community-based intervention to address multiple and comorbid mental health problems in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). | Post-conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 302 | Participants had to give informed consent, be at least 18 years old, and expect to remain in a study location for at least 6 months and be either a veteran, veteran family member, or IDP. We also included people who volunteered in the conflict or were otherwise helping affected persons. Participants reported elevated depression and/or posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) and impaired daily functioning at baseline. | 18+, averaging 39 years of age | Both | No | Ukrainian | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress, Parenting skills | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The outcome measure, the mental health assessment inventory (MHAI), was locally adapted and validated to assess clinically significant mental health problems (Doty et al., 2018). The MHAI includes items related to the primary and secondary common mental health outcomes (depression, posttraumatic stress, generalized anxiety, and alcohol use) and a functioning scale. The validation process is described elsewhere (Doty et al., 2018). The functioning scale includes World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) items and locally relevant items based on a prior qualitative study in Zaporizhya and Kharkiv (Applied Mental Health Research Group Johns Hopkins University, 2013; Singh et al., 2021). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Other | Therapeutic interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8. 4 Psychotherapy | Individual | Health | Indicated | 8-12 sessions | Weekly | Unspecified | Various (sychologists, social workers, volunteers, physicians, program managers, teachers/lecturers or lawyers) | Other | Bogdanov | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2021.27 | N/A | GMH | Journal Article | ||||
| 17 | PSS | IMAGE intervention (Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity) | Economic | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | Combines a microfinance program (Small Enterprise Foundation) with a 12 month gender HIV training curriculum (Sisters for Life). Loan groups of five women guaranteed each others’ loans and repaid together to receive additional credit. 8 loan groups (40 women) comprised one loan center and met every 2 weeks to repay loans and discuss businesses. The Sisters for Life (SFL) curriculum was implemented during fortnightly loan center meetings. SFL: a 12 month training curriculum was implemented during fortnightly loan center meetings to microfinance participants, the program had 2 phases: 1) 10 one-hour training sessions covering topics such as gender roles, cultural beliefs, relationships, communication, IPV, and HIV; 2) community mobilization to engage both youth and men around issues of HIV and IPV. | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Mixed | Repeated Measures | 430 | communites in South Africas rural Limpopo Province who had no prior access to microfinance services (poorest half of households in target villages) | N/A | Female | N/A | South African | External, Social | Social capital, Social connectedness | Social capital | N/A | World Bank's Social Capital Assessment Tool and related literatur. Structural social capital (SSC) was measured by nature and intensity of participation in community organizations | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Social connectedness | N/A | Perceived levels of reciprocity and community support (three binary items); Perceived solidarity in response to a crisis event (four binary items); Taken part in collective action (independent of the intervention itself) (two binary items) | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | two local CBOs (SFL and SEF) | CBOs | can't simultaneously enroll large numbers of villages, limmited generalizability due to targeting poorest half of households in villages | Microfinance | Financial assistance | Health education | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.2 Linking vulnerable individuals/families to resources and following up to see if support is provided | Family | Health | Promotion | N/A | every 2 weeks and fornightly | 15 months | Community health worker | Community | Pronyk | 2008 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27866501/ | N/A | SSM | Journal Article | ||
| 42 | PSS | Community-based savings and lending groups (SLG) | Economic | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | Over a one year period, adolescents participated in community-based savings and lending groups (SLG), and 50% also received life skills education (LSE) (including most of the random sample included in the survey). | HIV | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Cross-sectional | 160 | 160 HIV-affected adolescents (average age 15) living in the rural Nyanga district of Zimbabwe. The survey was administered to a randomly selected sub-sample of the intervention population (n = 139) matched with a sample of adolescents from a non-intervention control ward (n = 21). | N/A | Both | No | Zimbabwean | Both | Internal | Self-efficacy, Self-esteem/self-worth, Hope | Self-efficacy | N/A | Unclear | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Self-esteem/self-worth | N/A | Unclear | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Hope | N/A | Unclear | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | No randomization; small sample size of control group; lack of long-term follow-up; lack of in-depth information because conference paper | Microfinance | Financial assistance | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.2 Linking vulnerable individuals/families to resources and following up to see if support is provided | Group | Food Security & Nutrition | Promotion | 1 year | Unclear | N/A | N/A | N/A | Senefeld | 2012 | https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/3499904 | N/A | JIAS | Conference Paper | |||||
| 48 | PSS | Suubi project | Economic | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | The intervention had three key components. First, it promoted monetary savings through support for matched savings accounts, which could be used for educational opportunities for adolescent children or for small business opportunities for youth and their families. In a matched savings account, for every dollar that a child and his/her family contributes (up to a specified limit), the program contributes a match. In this intervention, the match rate was 2:1, and the match cap was $10/month, so for every dollar that a child or family contributed to the child’s savings account (up to the cap of $10/month), the program contributed an additional $2. The account was held in the child’s name, and the matching funds in the account could only be used to pay for the child’s secondary education or to invest in a family business. Second, the program offered financial management classes and classes on small businesses, intended to support savings and the establishment of family-level income-generating projects for orphaned children and their caregiving families. Third, the intervention provided an adult mentor to children. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 286 | 286 AIDS-orphaned children (average age 14) in their last two years of primary school at 15 comparable rural primary schools in the Rakai District of Uganda. Each of the 15 primary schools was randomly assigned to the experimental condition (n = 138) or control condition (n = 148), such that all selected children from a particular school received the same intervention. | N/A | Both | No | Ugandan | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | Depression symptoms | Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). The study used a short version of CDI that contains 10 items, and its psychometric properties are comparable with the long version of the same measure [30]. The CDI is a widely used standardized measure of children’s depressive symptoms and has been previously tested by the investigators and other researchers with AIDSorphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa [16,31–33]. For each question asked, children were required to choose one of three statements that best described their feelings in the past 2 weeks (e.g., “I am sad once in a while,” “I am sad many times,” “I am sad all the time”). Statements indicating no symptoms of depression (e.g., “I am sad once in a while”) were coded as zero, those representing moderate depressive feelings (e.g., “I am sad many times”) were coded as one, and those representing higher levels of depression (e.g., “I am sad all the time”) were coded as two. The total score was computed by summing up the score across all the 10 items. The hypothetical score range was 0 to 20, with a higher score indicating higher levels of depression. The CDI index demonstrated moderate internal consistency for the current sample (Cronbach alpha at baseline .65). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Baseline levels of depression were different across the two groups; groups’ depression slopes were not statistically different from each other, which could suggest the possibility of modest naturalistic depression reduction among Uganda AIDS-orphaned adolescents as they age | Financial education | Financial assistance | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.2 Linking vulnerable individuals/families to resources and following up to see if support is provided | Family | Health | Universal/Primary prevention | Unclear | Unclear | N/A | NGO/INGO Employee | N/A | Ssewamala | 2012 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Ssewamala-2012.pdf | N/A | JAH | Journal Article | |||||
| 70 | PSS | Suubi-Maka | Economic | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | The Suubi-Maka intervention combines both children's matched savings accounts and health promotion strategies to empower and strengthen families caring for AIDS-orphans within their communities. Participants in the treatment condition received 1) a matched savings account in the form of a Child Development Account (CDA), held in both the child and the caregiver's name and intended to pay for the children's post-primary education or start a microenterprise/small family business; and 2) workshops on financial management and microenterprise development for both children and their caregivers. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | N/A | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 692 | 346 AIDS-orphaned children (age 11-17 years) in the last two years of primary school, as well as their caregivers, from 2008 to 2012. Children were selected from 10 rural public primary schools in Rakai and Masaka political districts of Uganda. The study utilized a cluster-randomized design: each of the 10 schools was randomly assigned to either the control condition (n = 5 schools, 167 child-caregiver dyads) or the treatment condition (n = 5 schools, 179 child-caregiver dyads). Analysis in this study represented 346 dyads with complete follow-up information. | N/A | Both | No | Ugandan | Both | Internal, Skills | Stress management | Stress management | Caregiver stress | Parenting Stress Index | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No comparable group of caregivers of non AIDS-orphaned children; may not be generalizable to urban settings; model only explains small percentage of total variance in partenting stress; self-reported data | Financial education | Financial assistance | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.2 Linking vulnerable individuals/families to resources and following up to see if support is provided | Family | Health | Universal/Primary prevention | Unclear | Monthly | N/A | NGO/INGO Employee | N/A | Nabunya | 2014 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.07.018 | N/A | CYSR | Journal Article | |||||
| 85 | PSS | Youth Save Project | Economic | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Some positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | The Ghana YouthSave Experiment investigated whether and how youth savings accounts affect financial capability; psychosocial, education, and health outcomes; and economic well-being of Ghanaian youth and their households. The intervention in the experiment was an experiential financial inclusion program that included a school-based savings program for 25 treatment schools and a marketing outreach savings program for the other 25 treatment schools. The first treatment arm of the Ghana experiment was in-school banking, which included visits from bank staff to introduce the Enidaso account to youth in the school. In collaboration with students, the bank staff conducted bank transactions on site at schools. The second treatment arm was marketing outreach, which involved the bank visiting schools once to introduce Enidaso. The bank staff could open accounts and take the initial deposit on site. Unlike in-school banking, youth in marketing outreach schools could only conduct additional transactions (i.e., after the initial deposit) at the bank. | Other | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 6267 at baseline, 4289 at endline | Young people from 8 districts in Ghana, aged between 12 and 18 years, in Junior High Schools | N/A | Both | Yes | Ghanaian | Both | Internal, Skills | Life skills, Other | Life skills | N/A | Savings and financial capability | Significant improvement compared to control group | Better outcomes among boys | Other | Uncertainty of the future | N/A | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | There were mixed results on psychosocial, education, and health impacts. In Education, the treatment group has higher positive trends than the control group, however, Academic performance impacts were not significant. The results favored the control group rather than the treatment group. In Health, treatment youth performed better on parental connection, perceived barriers to condom use, perceived susceptibility to HIV, and perceived severity of HIV contrasted with control youth. On the other hand, treatment youth performed worse on attitudes toward sex, motivations to engage in sex, and sense of belonging with peers contrasted with control youth | Intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis, Efficacy subset analysis (ESA) | Exposure to treatment was not uniform. Because of the challenges of the regulatory environment in Ghana, HFC Bank had to negotiate with the Central Bank to acquire the mandate to operate Enidaso as a custodial account. The challenge to operate Enidaso was a consequence of the law of minority, which is youth aged 18 years and younger in Ghana. Because Enidaso was targeted to youth aged between 12 and 18 years, these youth could not open an account independently. Additionaly, one factor that contributed to disparities in engagement was the location of some treatment schools. Because the experiment design involved random selection of the schools in HFC’s catchment area, some selected schools were very far from the bank. This posed challenges to the bank as more resources, both time and staff, had to be spent to reach these schools | Financial education | N/A | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | School | Education | Promotion | 3 years | Unspecified | N/A | N/A | N/A | Chowa | 2015 | https://doi.org/10.7936/K7HQ3ZD7 | N/A | N/A | Private Report | |||||
| 91 | PSS | Microsavings intervention (no specific name) | Economic | Experimental | Community & Family supports | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | No positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | 12-sessions on fiancial literacy (adapted from Global Financial Education Program), 12 on business development (adapted from the ILO's Gender and Entrepreneurship Togehther curriculum), 10 sessions of group vocational mentorship. Matched savings provided to participants who attended 9/12, 9/12, and 6/10 sessions. The intervention participants also received the 4-session HIVSRR intervention. | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)/ Gender-Based Violence (GBV) | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 107 | 50 control, 57 treatment. Women age 18+ who reported engaging in unprotected sex with a paying partner in the past 90 days | N/A | Female | N/A | Mongolia | Female | Harm, External | Violence reduction | Violence reduction | exposure to paying partner IPV in past 90 days | Revised Conflict Tactics Scale. No info re: adaptation. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Violence reduction | Exposure to paying partner sexual violence in past 90 days | Revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Sexual violence questions. No info re: adaptation. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Violence reduction | Exposure to paying partner physical violence in past 90 days | Revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Physical violence questions. No info re: adaptation. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | small sample size (study was originally powered to look at HIVSRR, not violence exposure), self-report assessment, potential of poor participant recall, no unexposed control group (both arms showed significant decreases in IPV...what would a true control comparison have shown?); only asked about violence from paying partners and not from other sources | Microfinance | Vocational training | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.2 Linking vulnerable individuals/families to resources and following up to see if support is provided | Group | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | N/A | 34 sessions | N/A | N/A | N/A | Tsai | 2016 | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-016-0101-3 | N/A | BMCIHHR | Journal Article | ||||
| 108 | PSS | village savings and loans program plus a gender dialogue group aimed atreducing IPV | Economic | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | The control arm participated in a group savings program (VSLAs).The treatment arm received both VSLA and an 8-session gender dialogue group (GDG), which aimed to address household gender inequalities for women and their partners. It was based on the Stages of Change construct of the Transtheoretical Model, (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997) with sessions that focused on the household economy, setting financial goals, budgeting, and dealing with financial stress, while underscoring the importance of non-violence in the home, respect and communication between men and women, and recognition of the important contributions women make to household well-being. | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)/ Gender-Based Violence (GBV) | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 1118 | 1188 adults | N/A | Female | N/A | Ivorians | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire – PTSD section (Chronbach’s alpha = 0.88). the French version of the scale has previously been found to be reliable and valid among torture survivors in sub-Saharan African countries (de Fouchier et al. 2012). The study instrument was adapted from a questionnaire developed by researchers at the London School of Health and Tropical Medicine (Hossain et al. 2010). Surveys were translated into Ivorian French and back-translated into English. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | limited fidelity measures for the intervention due to conflict that occurred in the midst of the intervention and the challenges of collecting ongoing data. Second, there is a time overlap of the intervention and the recall period of 1-year for the endline in order to make it comparable with the baseline. Third, the study did not have a true control group so we are unable to know the impact of the savings group intervention on its own. Fourth, the parent study was not powered to detect changes in PTSD symptoms or subgroup analysis by IPV experience, thus all analyses should be interpreted as secondary in nature. Fifth, there is the potential that participants were resentful of not receiving the discussion groups given the public nature of the randomization process. Finally, no clinical cut-off was established and validated with this population. | Financial education | Financial assistance | 6. Support including social/psychosocial consideration in protection, health services, nutrition, food aid, shelter, site planning or water and sanitation | 6.2 Other | Family | N/A | 16 weeks | 8 sessions | 8 sessions delivered biweekly, lasting 1.5-2 hrs | Unclear (IRC field agents) | Unclear | Annan | 2017 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29230318/ | N/A | GMH | Journal Article | |||||||
| 119 | PSS | Bridges to the Future Study | Economic | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Some positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | Treatment group received usual care services mentioned above, plus three intervention components: (1) an economic empowerment intervention consisting of Child Development Accounts (CDAs) with matched savings. Participants’ savings were matched at a level of 1:1 for Bridges arm and 2:1 for the Bridges plus arm. All savings were intended to pay for post-primary education and or microenterprise development, which study facilitators relayed to participants; (2) workshops on fnancial management and training in income generating activities (IGA); and (3) mentorship with peer mentors throughout the intervention period. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 789 | 789 children (ages 10-16); 273 in control, 516 in treatment | 10-16 | Female | N/A | Ugandan | Internal | Symptoms of distress, Hope, Self-concept | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Child Depression Inventory. Cronach alpha = 0.68. Unclear how adapted. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Hope | N/A | Beck Hopelessness Scale. Cronbach alpha = 0.66. Unclear how adapted. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Self-concept | N/A | Self Concept Scale. Alpha = 0.74. Unclear how adapted. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | reliance on self-report which is susceptible to social desirability bias; combination intervention (two treatment arms) | Microfinance | Financial assistance | 6. Support including social/psychosocial consideration in protection, health services, nutrition, food aid, shelter, site planning or water and sanitation | 6.2 Other | Individual | N/A | 9 months | 9 sessions | 9 months | Peer | School | Kivumbi | 2019 | https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2019.1576960 | N/A | CAPMH | Journal Article | |||||||
| 134 | PSS | Suubi-Maka | Economic | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Youth (10-29 years) | Positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | Children in the intervention condition received a matched CSA, ten 1e2 h training sessions on career planning and financial managementdincluding how to save moneydplus an average of one mentorship meeting per month during the 12-month intervention period. This was in addition to usual cared described below. Children in the control condition received usual care consisting of counselling and mentorship, food aid (specifically school lunches) and scholastic materials (including text books, notebooks and the required school uniforms). | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 297 | Children from semi-urban public schools in areas in southwestern Uganda that are heavily affected by HIV/AIDS | Mean = 13.39, SD = 1.25 | Both | No | Ugandan | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress, Hope | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Child depression, measured by Child Depression Inventory (CDI), has 27 questions with three response categories (eg, “I am sad once in a while,” “I am sad many times” and “I am sad all the time”). A child is asked to mark a sentence that best describes the way he/she has been in the past 2 weeks. Similar to the hopelessness measure, the CDI questions with positive wording were reverse coded and summed to create a score. The high score of the summated CDI score indicates higher levels of depression. Cronbach’s a at waves 1 and 2 is 0.6285 and 0.6943, respectively. Forward and backward translation | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Hope | N/A | Child hopelessness is measured by the Beck Hopeless Scale with 20 items, which has true/false responses (eg, “I look forward to the future with hope and enthusiasm,” “My future seems dark” and “I don’t expect to get what I really want”). Items with positive wording are reverse coded to create a summated score with higher scores meaning a higher level of hopelessness. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s a) of the Beck Hopeless Scale is moderate (0.6605 at baseline and 0.6726 at post-intervention follow-up). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | School | Education | 12 months | 1 monthly meeting and ten 1-2 hr training sessions (unclear interval) | 12 months | Unclear, most likely teachers | School | Han | 2012 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23410851/ | N/A | JECH | Journal Article | |||||
| 193 | PSS | Economic Skill Building | Economic | Experimental | Community & Family supports | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | The economic skill-building intervention included skills for employment attainment and retention such as effective communication, balancing personal and work life and time management, conflict resolution, dealing with abuse and harassment, enhancing self efficacy, effective parenting, and personal hygiene and grooming | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)/ Gender-Based Violence (GBV) | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Pre-post | 17 | 17 women in Karachi, Pakistan | Unclear, mostly 25-35 | Female | N/A | Pakistani | Female | Internal, Harm | Symptoms of distress, Violence Reduction, Self-efficacy | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Depression was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory, II (BDI-II) which is a 21 item self-report measure of depressive symptomatology within the last 14 days. Total score can range from 0 to 63; higher scores indicate a greater number of depressive symptoms. No info re: adaptation/validation. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Violence Reduction | N/A | Partner violence was measured with an instrument developed by World Health Organization guidelines and modified based on the Pakistani national gender indicators list for violence again women. No info re: adaptation/validation | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Self-efficacy | N/A | Self-efficacy was measured with the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE).This 10-item instrument assesses a general sense of perceived self-efficacy with the aim to predict coping and adaptation after stressful life events. The possible range of scores is 10 to 40. Criterion-related validity is documented in numerous correlation studies and in samples from 23 countries, Cronbach’s alphas ranged from .76 to .90, with the majority in the high .80s | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.1 Basic counseling for individuals | Group | Education | Universal/Primary prevention | 8 sessions | Weekly | Unspecified | Community health worker | Other | Hirani | 2010 | Not available online | N/A | SOJNR | Journal Article | ||||
| 226 | PSS | ASHA (Hope) Project | Economic | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Youth (10-29 years) | Positive outcomes | Financial- and employment-focused interventions | The intervention was delivered via a woman-centered framework emphasizing a woman’s right to respect, dignity, and care. The eight-session depression treatment protocol included (1) basic mental health literacy—understanding and identifying depression; (2) reducing negative cognitions; (3) improving interpersonal relationships; and (4) behavioral activation (increasing activity, engaging in pleasurable activities). Financial literacy training was provided by the NDP and included sessions on savings, credit, and animal husbandry. Each woman opened a bank account at the beginning of the study and made regular deposits of approximately $2.5 (range $1.25–6.25) per month, which is equal to the cost of approximately 4 kg of rice in. Participants in the intervention were given the option of engaging in income-producing activities, such as tree planting, to earn small amounts of cash to make deposits. During the intervention period, the participants worked with NDP agricultural officers to plan for their asset purchase. Each intervention group member was assigned a bandhobi (“friend”) partner within the group, with whom she was requested to make at least one contact between each group meeting. Group facilitators and other project staff assigned bandhobi pairs based on factors such as age and proximity. At the 12-month point, participants were given an up to 6x match of their savings, with a maximum total of $186 (equivalent to the cost of two goats). Over 95% of participants chose to purchase an agricultural animal. | Maternal Mental Health | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 48 | 48 women with depressive symptoms | Mean = 26 | Female | N/A | Bangladeshi | Female | Internal, External, Social | Symptoms of distress, Social support | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 was used. It consists of nine items, each with 4-point Likert responses (score range from 0 to 27: a higher score indicates more severe depression). It has been used frequently and has demonstrated reliability and validity in studies in Bangladesh. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | he Tension Scale includes psychological and somatic symptoms expressive of distress in the South Asian cultural context. It has been validated in a group of Bangladeshi women living in the United States. A higher score indicates greater distress. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Social support | N/A | Medical outcomes Study Social Support Survey was used to assess degree of social support. No info re: adaptation. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | Between the researchers (at Albert Einstein College of Medicine), icddr,b, and National Development Program | N/A | Multi-component | N/A | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | Health | Indicated | 6 months (12 sessions) | Every other week | 2 hour sessions | NGO/INGO Employee | N/A | Karasz | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010279 | N/A | IJERPH | Journal Article | |||
| 19 | PSS | Befriending intervention | Emotional | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | The intervention provided was mental health support by volunteers. Six experienced volunteers of SNEHA, a suicide prevention organization in Chennai with extensive experience of providing mental health support to individuals expressing suicidal ideas, provided emotional support to the bereaved family members. Volunteers visited households assigned to them randomly on a monthly basis in the intervention sit). The time of the visit was mutually agreed upon between the participants and the volunteers, and the time spent was determined by the situation and need. The average duration of each visit was approximately one to one and a half hours. The primary goal of the volunteers was to provide emotional support to the bereaved family members by the process of befriending. Befriending is a listening therapy that relies on offering human contact and emotional support. Giving insight is not attempted beyond making explicit statements about feelings. Advice is not given, but the pros and cons of possible courses of action and their consequences could be explored and discussed. Availability, unconditional acceptance, total confidentiality and empathy are the foundations of befriending. Emotional support was provided by establishing a consistent and powerful line of communication with the bereaved and conveying warmth, care and concern. | Natural disaster | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 102 | non-migrant adults who lost at least one close family member during the Asian tsunami | N/A | Both | No | Indian | Both | Internal, Wellbeing | Symptoms of distress, Wellbeing | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Beck’s Depression Inventory. Tamil versions of WHO-5, BDI and GHQ have been translated, back-translated, fi eld-tested and validated in a previous study on attempted suicides supported by WHO (WHO, 2000). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Wellbeing | N/A | World Health Organization (WHO) well-being index. Tamil versions of WHO-5, BDI and GHQ have been translated, back-translated, fi eld-tested and validated in a previous study on attempted suicides supported by WHO (WHO, 2000). | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | General Health Questionnaire. Tamil versions of WHO-5, BDI and GHQ have been translated, back-translated, fi eld-tested and validated in a previous study on attempted suicides supported by WHO (WHO, 2000). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | no random assignment, findings cannot be generalized | Multi-component | Multi-component counseling | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Individual | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 1 year | monthy visits | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Vijayakumar | 2008 | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17441690801903070 | Cannot find this article; found a 2011 article that is similar published in the Indian J Psychiatry Journal, but does not describe intervention in this detail | IJSP | Journal Article | |||||
| 141 | MH | Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) | Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Middle East and North Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological treatment for PTSD that invol- ves a client recalling traumatic memories while simulta- neously making horizontal eye movements or engaging in other bilateral stimulation, such as tapping (Shapiro, 2001). EMDR is an effective treatment for PTSD (Bisson et al., 2007; Bradley, Greene, Russ, Dutra, & Westen, 2005; World Health Organization, 2013), and its use is recom- mended in clinical guidelines (National Institute for Clinical Excellence [NICE], 2005; World Health Organiza- tion, 2013). | Post-conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait List | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 29 | Syrian refugees (adult) in Kilis Refugee Camp, which is at the border between Turkey and Syria | 19-63 | Both | No | Syrian | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The IES-R is a 22-item self-report instrument which rates the severity of PTSD symptoms. Participants rated each item on a five- point Likert scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extreme). IES-R total scores range between 0 and 88, with higher scores indicating higher levels of PTSD symptoms.The scale was translated into Arabic by two independent translators. After back translation, con- flicts arising between the original translation and the back translation were discussed by a group of professionals (Zaghrout, 2013). Cronbach alpha = 0.93, test retest reliability = 0.88 | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Beck Depression Inventory-II. Depression symptoms were measured with the BDI-II which is a widely used self-report instrument with satis- factory psychometric properties. The Arabic version of the BDI-II was developed by Ghareeb (2000), which included Syrian participants as well as participants from 17 other Arabic groups (as cited in Bader, 2006). The BDI-II has 21 items and the total score varies between 0 and 63, with higher scores indicating more severe depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | EMDR | N/A | Individual | Health | Indicated | 7 sessions | Weekly | 90 minutes/session | Psychiatrist/Psychologist | Other | Acarturk | 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27414 | N/A | EJP | Journal Article | ||||||
| 125 | MH | Group Problem Management Plus (PM+) | Group Problem Management Plus (PM+) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Participants in the intervention arm received five sessions of Group PM+, with each session lasting 2.5–3 hours. Sessions included: (1) Managing Stress, (2) Behavioural Activation, (3) Managing Problems, (4) Strengthening Social Support and (5) Review of Techniques. Participants located to groups based on location of residence. Gender matched with same gender facilitator. | Natural disaster | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | 121 | 121 adults (61 in intervention, 60 in control) | N/A | Both | No | Nepalese | Both | Internal, Function | Symptoms of distress, Functioning, Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), clinically validated in Nepal. Sensitivity = 0.94, specificity = 0.80, PPV = 0.42, NPV = 0.99 | Observed improvement | N/A | Functioning | N/A | WHODAS | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Heart-mind screener, local idiom of distress. sensitivity = 0.94, specificity = 0.27, PPV = 0.17, NPV = 0.97 | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | Not powered to detect meaningful differences; no between group comparisons | PM+ | Therapeutic interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | N/A | 5 sessions | N/A | Community health worker | N/A | Sangrula | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-619 | N/A | EPS | Journal Article | |||||||
| 237 | MH | Group Problem Management Plus (PM+) | Group Problem Management Plus (PM+) | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | South Asia | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Therapeutic interventions | Group PM+ comprises the following evidence-based techniques: (a) problem-solving; (b) stress management through deep breathing; (c) behavioral activation; and (d) promoting social support. The Group PM+ training manual and implementation materials were adapted for Nepal using the mental health Cultural Adaptation and Contextualization for Implementation (mhCACI) procedure. | Natural disaster | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 611 | Participants were at least 18 years of age and could understand and speak Nepali. Eligibility criteria were current psychological distress and impaired functioning. Current psychological distress was assessed with categorical endorsement (yes/no) of a local idiom of distress (“heart–mind problems,” Nepali: manko samasya), which has 94% sensitivity for structured clinical depression diagnoses in Nepal. Functional impairment was determined with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS-II), for scores >16. | 18-91 | Both | Yes | Nepalese | Both | Internal, Function | Symptoms of distress, Other | Symptoms of distress | N/A | The primary outcome is psychological distress at the individual participant level, measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), which has been validated in Nepal. | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Depression symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [31], also validated in Nepal | Significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | Functioning | N/A | General functioning was measured with WHODAS-II | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | heart-mind problems; PTSD symptoms; perceived social support; somatic symptoms | Heart-mind problems: yes/no endorsement of idiom of distress (sig diff) PTSD symptoms: 8-item Nepali version of the PTSD Checklist (no diff) Perceived social support: Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (no diff) Somatic symptoms: Somatic Symptom Scale 8 (no diff) | No | N/A | PM+ | Therapeutic interventions | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.2 Basic counseling for groups or families | Group | Health | Indicated | 5 sessions | Weekly | 150 minutes | Local Volunteer | Community | Jordans | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003621 | N/A | PLoS Medicine | Journal Article | ||||
| 250 | PSS | Incentive-based Thula Baba Box Package Intervention | Incentive Care Package | Experimental | Health | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Other | This intervention included a maternal care package for new mothers as an incentive for attending local antenatal care (ANC) clinical visits. The maternal starter-kit was valued at approximately $27.8 in 2016 prices. It contained a range of products, including baby clothing, a blanket and cloth, a material wrap for carrying the infant on your chest, soap, aqueous cream, baby wipes, plastic balls, health information brochures and nursery rhymes. There were also products for the women, including maternity pads and condoms. The box was made of clear plastic and could be used for storage or as a baby bath The intervention provides no description of the services offered at the ANC. The intervention also included a visit from a community health worker (CHW) that kicked off the intervention. The CHWs were women recruited from the community and trained specifically in providing health information and psycho-social support to pregnant women. These services are supplemental (rather than complementary to) clinical practice. | Pregnancy/Postpartum | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-post | 72 | Pregnant women aged 18 and older living in a low-resource, low employment environment in peri-urban Cape Town, South Africa. The sample was limited to women who had not yet been enrolled for antenatal care. | 18-40 | Female | N/A | South African | Internal, Other | Symptoms of distress, Other, Parenting skills | Symptoms of distress | Maternal depressive symptoms | Maternal depressive symptoms (antenatal and postnatal) are measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The scale ranges from null to eight, with a higher value indicating more depressive symptoms. The study cites that the measure is "adapted to the South African setting (Tomlinson et al., 2015)." But Tomlinson and colleagues (2015) does not reference any information about adaption or validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, which they used to measure maternal mood | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Nutrition | Maternal nutrition is measured using middle-upper arm cir- cumference (MUAC). This is a less costly way of capturing maternal stature and if often used in South Africa (Rollins et al., 2007). MUAC was used as a continuous variable | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Parenting skills | Infant feeding intention | Infant feeding intention measured with infant feeding intention (IFI) scale. The scale measures the intended dura- tion and exclusivity of breastfeeding (Nommsen-Rivers & Dewey, 2009) by monitoring the extent of agreement with various statements on breastfeeding. The final IFI value is an additive index ranging between 0 (no intention to breastfed at all) to 8 (very strong intention to breastfeed exclusively for six months). The study does not have more info on the scale, such as whether or not it was validated in context | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | - Small sample of 70 restricted to one area in the Western Cape - Intervention combined two different treatments – unable to identify the effects of community health worker support vs incentives to visit public ANCs | Caregiving, Needs-focused | Other | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.2 Stregthening parenting/family supports | Individual | N/A | Selective/Secondary prevention | Community health worker visit to kick off study was between 30 and 90 min. No information given on antenatal care visit length | Began with one community care worker visit, and then the maternal starter kit was conditional on attending all antenatal care visits. No information was provided on frequency of antenatal care visits | Varied by person since the endline measurement was done a week after birth. No more information given. | Community Health worker AND health professional | Mixed (emergency rooms, police stations, primary care facility) | Rossouw | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03229-w | N/A | MCHJ | Journal Article | ||||||
| 2 | PSS | Psychosocial intervention | Interpersonal | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Europe and Central Asia | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | A support/discussion group for mothers designed to promote the wellbeing of children through parental involvement, support, and education and by focusing on the importance of mother-child interaction. The meetings were semi-structured and focused on increasing maternal wellbeing, self-confidence, and ability to care for their children. The meetings followed an intervention manual and each meeting was dedicated to education and discussions about specific topics, such as child development, mother-child interactions, trauma, and coping strategies. The facilitator would begin with psychoeducation about the topic, then facilitate group discussion and sharing. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | 87 mother-child dyads | displaced families (mother-child dyads) with children born in 1990 and 1991 | N/A | Both | No | Bosnian | Both | Internal, Child development | Symptoms of distress, Child development | Symptoms of distress | N/A | A recently revised version (Weiss, 1996) was selected to assess the mothers’ posttraumatic reactions. This 22-item scale has three subscales: intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. The scale was slightly modified to have the items refer to the total of war-related experiences rather than to a single event. Internal consistency of the revised IES was .93 at pretest and .86 at posttest. Originally developed in English and then translated into Bosnian and back-translated by using the method described by Brislin (1980). Bosnian mental health workers reviewed all instruments for cultural appropriateness. The testers were already familiar with some of the instruments because they were commonly used in Bosnia. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | interview with child (Birleson's Depression Inventory), Ravens Coloured Progressive Matrices, mothers descripton of child (ratings on questions relaed to psychological and psychosomatic problems, concentration issues). originally developed in English and then translated into Bosnian and back-translated by using the method described by Brislin (1980). Bosnian mental health workers reviewed all instruments for cultural appropriateness. The testers were already familiar with some of the instruments because they were commonly used in Bosnia. Minor modifications were again made after a final pilot trial with one mother–child dyad. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | advice, health care | UNICEF; primary care; follow-up counseling if needed | Need long-term follow-up | Family-focused | Parenting intervention | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Family | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 5 months | weekly | Unspecified | Health professional | Other | Dybdahl | 2001 | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00343 | N/A | CD | Journal Article | ||
| 6 | PSS | Project Northland | Interpersonal | Quasi-experimental | Basic Services | Europe and Central Asia | Children | No positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | PN is a school-based curriculum designed as a multilevel, multi-year program proven to delay the age at which young people begin drinking, reduce alcohol use among those who have already tried drinking, and limit the number of alcohol-related problems of young drinkers. It also strives to change how parents communicate with their children, how peers influence each other, and how communities respond to adolescent alcohol use. The program includes: active parental involvement and educational programs; behavioral based curricula; peer participation activities; and comprehensive involvement of the community. PN consists of three curricular components. In the 6th grade, students work together with parents to complete fun and educational activities at home using the “Slick Tracy Home Team” curriculum. This “home team” approach provides a forum for the students and their families to begin discussions of alcohol-related issues. In 7th grade, students use the Amazing Alternatives! Curriculum. This curriculum involves eight 45-minute teacher- and peer-led classroom sessions. It is designed to teach 7th graders the skills to identify and resist influences to use alcohol and to encourage alcohol-free alternatives. Finally, as students enter their third year of the project, they experience PowerLines, which features eight 45-minute sessions that are part of a 4-week program designed to teach students how communities influence behaviors and how they can create changes within their communities. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Pre-post design | Active | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 1951 | Students in Coatia that were at-risk for alcohol use | N/A | Both | No | Croatian youth | Both | Substance use | Alcohol use | Alcohol use | N/A | A validated pre- and post-test instrument developed by Perry and Williams is being used to assess changes in knowledge, attitudes and skills [10]. A scale was created that measured an adolescent’s intention to use alcohol. The Intention to Use Alcohol Scale combined items about intention to use alcohol at age 21, in the next 12 months, in the next 30 days, and in the next 7 days. This scale was scored by summing the points for each individual question. The score ranged from 4 (no intention to use) to 20 (intention to use). Scores were dichotomized; scores of 10 points or below were labeled as no intention and those with scores of 11 or above were labeled as having intention to use. Referenced study found "good psychometric properties" (no further details) | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | Quasi experimental design | Multi-component | Alcohol/substance use intervention | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | School | Education | Universal/Primary prevention | 3 year (4 weeks each year) | biweekly during the 4 weeks | 45 minutes | Local Volunteer | School | Abatemarco | 2004 | https://doi.org/10.2190/HKLN-EXWB-8QPX-W8B8 | N/A | JDE | Journal Article | ||||
| 22 | PSS | Mentoring Program | Interpersonal | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Peer-based interventions | Adult mentors were assigned two or three youth-headed households locted within their own community and visited them at least twice a month for 2-3 hours over an 18-month period. Mentors monitored youth wellbeing, provided support and guidance, and advocated on their behalf. | HIV | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 692 | youth-headed households in Rwanda. Youth in two districts received the mentoring program (n=441), youth in the other two districts served as the comparison group. Only those aged 24 and uder at baseline (692) and 27 and under at follow-up (593) were included in the analysis. | N/A | Both | No | Rwandan | Both | External, Social, Internal | Social connectedness, Other, Symptoms of distress | Social connectedness | N/A | Marginalization and social support. A four-item scale was created to characterize the level of adult support experienced by youth heads of household. Each item was scored using a five-point Likert scale from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”, with “don't know” scored in the middle (alpha = 0.85). A six-item scale was created to characterize the level of marginalization experienced by youth heads of household. Each item was scored using the same five-point Likert scale described above (alpha = 0.77). Variables included: people in this community would rather hurt you than help you; you feel isolated from others in the community; no one cares about you; people make fun of your situation; people speak badly about you or your family; the community rejects orphans. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | grief | Grief was measured using a seven-item scale created for this study and applying the same five-point Likert scale described above (alpha = 0.66). Variables included: you think about the death of your loved one(s) almost all the time; you feel angry when you think about the death(s); you still can't believe your loved one(s) is/are really dead (or gone); your faith in God is shaken since the death of your loved one(s); since the death of your loved one, you have lost confidence in people; since the death of your loved one, life is meaningless. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Centers for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale (adapted). To identify local terms for distress, qualitative research was conducted at the beginning of the study, including focus groups and free lists with youth. Translation and back-translation preceded review of survey items by a local technical committee of Rwandan youth and professionals who attended to the context, cultural and linguistic relevance of the questions. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | Difficulty following up participants meant that the data were analyzed as two cross-sectional surveys rather than linked measures; participants were not randomized | Family-focused | Peer mentorship | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.3 Facilitation of community supports to vulnerable people | Individual | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 18 months | twice a month | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Brown | 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1080/17450120903193915 | N/A | VCYS | Journal Article | |||||
| 24 | PSS | Peer-group support intervention | Interpersonal | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Peer-based interventions | The peer-group support intervention took place in the school setting and comprised 16 psychosocial exercises which were implemented through the use of trained teachers under the supervision of the researcher and a professional counselor over a period of 10 weeks. Each exercise was designed in the form of a game or play that lasted approximately 1 hour, and was presented in a problem-posing manner to stimulate thinking among the participants. The exercises were semi-structured and allowed participants to link their feelings with their current social conditions, and challenged them to take responsibility for shaping their own lives and living situations. As a supplement to the peer-group support, the intervention included periodic somatic health assessments and treatment. The ultimate goal of peer-group support intervention is to provide social support for improved coping. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 326 | 326 AIDS orphans (ages 10-15) (i.e., children reported to have lost one or both parents due to AIDS) enrolled in 20 schools in Mbarara District in southwestern Uganda. Participants were randomly assigned to either peer-group support intervention combined with monthly somatic healthcare (10 schools; n = 159) or control group (10 schools; n = 167) for follow-up assessment. For both the intervention and control groups, the cluster size ranged from 5 to 16 orphans corresponding to the number of available AIDS orphans in that particular school. | N/A | Both | No | Ugandan | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | Anxiety symptoms | Beck Youth Inventories (BYI). The self-report protocol was pre-tested for one day with children of similar ages who were not part of the study in order to ensure that the questions were readily comprehensible. Previous internal consistency (alpha) coefficients calculated for the separate Beck Youth Inventories were satisfactory (0.70–0.85) except for disruptive behavior (alpha ¼ 0.32) (Atwine et al., 2005). Due to low internal consistency in that study, the inventory for disruptive behavior was excluded from the present study. Current reliability coefficients for the remaining Beck inventories were obtained for the pre-test sample of AIDS orphans from both intervention and control groups. These coefficients indicated satisfactory reliability (alpha ¼ 0.71–0.84). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | Depression symptoms | Beck Youth Inventories (BYI). The self-report protocol was pre-tested for one day with children of similar ages who were not part of the study in order to ensure that the questions were readily comprehensible. Previous internal consistency (alpha) coefficients calculated for the separate Beck Youth Inventories were satisfactory (0.70–0.85) except for disruptive behavior (alpha ¼ 0.32) (Atwine et al., 2005). Due to low internal consistency in that study, the inventory for disruptive behavior was excluded from the present study. Current reliability coefficients for the remaining Beck inventories were obtained for the pre-test sample of AIDS orphans from both intervention and control groups. These coefficients indicated satisfactory reliability (alpha ¼ 0.71–0.84). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | Anger symptoms | Beck Youth Inventories (BYI). The self-report protocol was pre-tested for one day with children of similar ages who were not part of the study in order to ensure that the questions were readily comprehensible. Previous internal consistency (alpha) coefficients calculated for the separate Beck Youth Inventories were satisfactory (0.70–0.85) except for disruptive behavior (alpha ¼ 0.32) (Atwine et al., 2005). Due to low internal consistency in that study, the inventory for disruptive behavior was excluded from the present study. Current reliability coefficients for the remaining Beck inventories were obtained for the pre-test sample of AIDS orphans from both intervention and control groups. These coefficients indicated satisfactory reliability (alpha ¼ 0.71–0.84). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Self-concept (no significant improvement) | Beck Youth Inventories (BYI) | A trained teacher from each of the participating schools organized and conducted the peer-group support meetings and was supervised for this role by the researcher and an experienced counselor | Lack of similarity in the two orphan groups in baseline psychological distress after randomization to intervention and control groups; unable to correct for clustering within schools; AIDS orphan status for the participants in the current study was verified on the basis of verbal report of parental cause of death by the surviving parent or guardian | Peer-group support | Peer support groups | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | Group | Health | Promotion | 10 weeks | 2 times per week | N/A | Other | N/A | Kumakech | 2009 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Kumakech-2009.pdf | N/A | SSM | Journal Article | ||||
| 26 | PSS | RAPIDS interventions | Interpersonal | Quasi-experimental | Basic Services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | RAPIDS interventions include children’s schooling support (books, uniforms, school fees, transport to school), material support (shoes, clothes, other gifts-in-kind), psychosocial support (spiritual, emotional, general counseling), house building or repair, home visits to support children who have been orphaned or rendered vulnerable (OVC), home visits to support people who are chronically ill (home-based care/HBC), the provision of food support for HIV-positive clients, and supplementary food. | HIV | Interrupted time series | N/A | Mixed | Repeated Measures | 2268 | Households that reported receiving at least one service from at least one of the RAPIDS partners, Children aged 10–14 years and youth aged 15-24 years | N/A | Both | No | Zambian | Both | Wellbeing | Quality of life | Quality of life | N/A | Unclear. Report discussed increased school attendance, decreased self-reported stigma towards those with HIV, and warm relationships between participants and intervention staff | Observed improvement | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | The methodological limitations of this evaluation study indicate new possibilities for exploring the effects of integrated approaches to development like RAPIDS, including tracking client households longitudinally, establishing comparison groups, estimating cost-effectiveness, and exploring how the lives of caregivers are affected by their duties | Family-focused | Home visiting | multi-component counseling | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Individual | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | 4 years | Unspecified | N/A | Other | N/A | Population Council | 2009 | https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-hiv/4/ | N/A | N/A | Private Report | ||||
| 27 | PSS | Reconciliation program | Interpersonal | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Europe and Central Asia | Children | Positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | The objective of the program was to provide education on the reconciliation of students, parents, teachers, and school managers, in order to support the transition period for war-affected students. Program activities included: 1) Weekly lessons with students on emotions, non-violent communication, peer mediation, cooperation and tolerance, stereotypes and prejudices, children’s rights, and humanization of inter-gender relations; 2) Mutual meetings of students from partner schools; 3) Trainings for student leaders and teachers on team work, leadership, the role of student's school clubs; 4) Trainings for teachers on the development of human democratic school; 5) Workshops with parents on parent-child communication; and 6) Workshops with school management on education reform. | Post-conflict | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 408 | 408 students (ages 12-15) enrolled in primary and secondary schools located in two entities of northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina from December 2005 to May 2006. Students were survivors of war trauma and exile, and belonged to three different nationalities (Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats). Students involved in the intervention (n = 336) were compared to age-matched controls attending the same schools (n = 72). | N/A | Both | No | Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | PTS symptoms | Impact of Events Scale (IES) | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No randomization; no long-term follow-up; PTS symptoms may be unrelated to war exposures given long period of time following conflict | Multi-component | Communication and social skills training | Leadership training | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | School | Education | Selective/Secondary prevention | 5 months | Variable | N/A | Other | N/A | Hasanović | 2009 | http://www.psychiatria-danubina.com/UserDocsImages/pdf/dnb_vol21_no4/dnb_vol21_no4_463.pdf | N/A | PD | Journal Article | ||||
| 35 | PSS | Community-based sociotherapy | Interpersonal | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Peer-based interventions | Sociotherapy uses interaction between individuals and their social environment to help subjects to reassess and re-define values, norms, relations and possible collaborations. The principal premise is that reaching a certain level of mutual respect, trust and care in group interaction helps to increase the problem solving capacity and subjective mental health in individual group participants. The intervention does not specifically aim at sharing or processing traumatic memories; trauma symptoms are addressed through psycho-education and advice. Key elements of the working methods are debates and the exchange of experiences and coping strategies among participants, exercises, games and mutual practical support. Groups contained 10-15 participants and were mostly mixed: both sexes, various ethnic backgrounds, wide age distribution. Forty-five groups ran simultaneously, having weekly meetings over a period of 15 weeks, lasting 3 hours each. Group leaders were local people, familiar with the region’s history and current living situation; they had received 3 months of training from Equator staff and were regularly supervised. | Post-conflict | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 200 | 200 individuals (ages 16-76) living in the Gicumbi district in northern Rwanda from October 2007 to September 2008. Study participants included an experimental group (n = 100) of individuals participating in 10 sociotherapy groups, and a control group (n = 100) of individuals living in 5 regions within Gicumbi district where the sociotherapy program was not running, who were matched to the intervention group on gender, age, and SRQ-20 score. | N/A | Both | Yes | Rwandan | Both | Internal | Symptoms of distress | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) | Significant improvement compared to control group | Difference; sig improvement among females, not in males | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No randomization; non-blinded interviewers; lack of detailed data on proceedings of separate sociotherapy groups | Peer-group support | Peer support groups | 8. Psychological intervention | 8.6 Other | Group | Protection | Universal/Primary prevention | 15 weeks | Weekly | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Scholte | 2011 | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0021819 | N/A | PLoS | Journal Article | |||||
| 38 | PSS | TEA | Interpersonal | Experimental | Community & Family supports | East Asia and Pacific | Adults | Positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | Multi-modal family based intervention, designed to reduce depressive symptoms, enhance family cohesion and social support. The intervention includes three modules (Healthy Body & Healthy Mind, Positive Family Interactions, and Quality of Life), with each module containing two TEA gatherings. Each TEA Gathering is associated with and followed by a TEA Time activity, which is discussed at the beginning of the next TEA Gathering, and each module concludes with a TEA Garden event. Content and topics reflect the identified challenges faced by HIV-affected families (physical health and healthy lifestyles, mental health and coping, family unity, positive relationships for family support, caregiver role in healthy child development, community integration for stigma and discrimination). | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 167 | Familes with at least one PLH | N/A | Both | No | Chinese | Both | Internal, Skills, External | Coping, Social connectedness | Coping | Depression Symptoms | Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung, 1965). This is a 9-item instrument adapted from the original 20-item questionnaire. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Social connectedness | N/A | 19-item item scale developed by Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Social Support Survey, Family Functioning Scale | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | Goup randomization, multiple intervention targets, so unclear exactly how intervention interacts | Family-focused | Family strengthening intervention | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Family | Health | Indicated | 10 weeks | weekly | 2 hour sessions | Health professional | Clinic/health facility | Li | 2011 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Li-2011.pdf | N/A | SSM | Journal Article | ||||
| 45 | PSS | Mentoring Program | Interpersonal | Quasi-experimental | Basic Services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Positive outcomes | Structural interventions | Model of adult mentorship and support to improve psychosocial outcomes among youth-headed households in Rwanda. Through regular home visits, mentors developed a stable, caring relationship with children and youth in their local community living without an adult caregiver. The mentors monitored the well-being of vulnerable children and youth; gave them love, attention, and encouragement; provided guidance and support; transferred life skills; and helped ensure their health and safety. This intervention model was intended to strengthen the supportive environment for children’s healthy growth and development, and mitigate the psychological impacts of disrupted caregiving structures. | HIV | Case-control (non-random) | Enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 1285 | youth heads of household who were between the ages of 12 and 24 (baseline sample), youth heads of household, who were between the ages of 14 and 26 (follow-up sample) | N/A | Both | No | Rwandan | Both | Prevention, stigma, internal | Social support, Other, Symptoms of distress | Social support | N/A | Adult support was measured by a 4-item scale (alpha = .85) that asked whether the youth knew and trusted an adult: 1) to offer advice and guidance, 2) to assist in going to the authorities for help if necessary, 3) to provide comfort at times of sadness or sickness, and 4) to always be dependable. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | other | Feelings of marginalization | Marginalization was measured by a 6-item scale (alpha = .77) that explored perceptions of isolation and stig- ma from the surrounding community (e.g., the degree to which youth feel people speak badly about them or feel rejected by others in the community). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | N/A | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. No info re adaptation | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Feeling of grief: no significant improvement compared to control group. Grief was measured by a 6-item scale (alpha = .66) that explored youth’s reactions to the deaths of their loved ones, including how often they thought about the death and whether they felt anger, had lost faith, or felt life had become meaningless. Decrease in maltreatment: significant improvement compared to control group.Maltreatment was measured by a 9-item index that examined experiences of sexual abuse, exploitation, and theft; higher scores reflect more experiences of maltreatment. | Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | The researchers aimed to initially follow up baseline survey respondents longitudinally and interview them again after two years; however this was not always possible due to changes in household formation associated with marriage and migration. Thus, the data were analyzed as two cross-sectional rounds. Since it was not possible to randomize under these circumstances, the differences observed could be influenced by other factors in the community that were not measured in the study. However, local advisers have noted no differences or other secular changes, other than the introduction of the mentoring program, which could account for the positive changes seen in the intervention communities. | Youth-focused | Home visiting | peer mentorship | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.3 Facilitation of community supports to vulnerable people | Individual | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | 2 years | Once per week or twice per month | N/A | Local Volunteer | N/A | Horizons | 2012 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Horizons-2007.pdf | Couldn't find full text | PBMPYHR | Journal Article | ||||
| 50 | PSS | Young Citizens Program | Interpersonal | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Education-focused interventions | Young Citizens Program is an adolescent-centered health promotion curriculum designed to increase self- and collective efficacy through public education and community mobilization. The theoretical framework for the program integrates aspects of human capability, communicative action, social ecology and social cognition. Within each intervention neighborhood cluster, selected adolescents deliberated on topics of social ecology, citizenship, community health, and HIV/AIDS competence. Building on their acquired understanding and confidence, they dramatized the scientific basis and social context of HIV infection, testing and treatment in their communities over a 28-week period. The curriculum comprised 5 modules: group formation, understanding our community, health and our community, making assessments and taking action in our community and inter-acting in our community. | HIV | Case-control (non-random) | Active | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 724 | all children between the ages of 9 and 14 living in households in the Moshi Urban District in the Kilimanjaro Region of northern Tanzania. The eligible clusters were the 60 residential mitaa with a total population of 144,739 in the 2002 census | N/A | Both | No | Tanzanian | Both | Internal, external, perceptions, social | Self-efficacy, Collective efficacy | Self-efficacy | N/A | At the individual level, 5 self-efficacy Likert scales were created, based on expert content analysis supported by exploratory factor analysis. These were formatted as 3-point Likert scales of agreement. The deliberative and communicative efficacy scales were enhanced between pre- and post-treatment health assessments with the addition of 5 items, by 1 and 4 new items respectively. items were developed in English, translated to KiSwahili and back translated by Tanzanian native-speakers using a team approach and pre-tested. alphas ranging from 0.62 to 0.80. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Collective efficacy | collective efficacy (neighborhood level) | Three neighborhood-level scales were derived: a 4-item scale of adult perceptions of the efficacy of young adolescents as it relates to HIV health promotion (child collective efficacy) for the posttreatment survey only, alpha = 0.77; a 6-item scale of neighborhood collective efficacy, alpha = 0.73; and a 5-item scale of neighborhood problems, alpha = 0.59. Without deleting any of the original items, the 6 neighborhood collective efficacy items were revised for the post-treatment survey from a yes/no format to a 4-point Likert scale of agreement. items were developed in English, translated to KiSwahili and back translated by Tanzanian native-speakers using a team approach and pre-tested. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | inherent limitation of survey data is that participants may report responses that are biased by social desirability. The fact that adolescents in the treatment group continued to engage in public engagement that conveyed deliberative and communicative competence and confidence beyond the end of the formal intervention period represents a form of validity to the gains reflected in their self-reports. Another threat to internal validity relates to the masking of interviewers to the treatment condition. The training, quality control and monitoring procedures minimized this source of bias. The possibility for diffusion of the treatment effects to control neighborhoods was reduced by the non-adjacency rule adopted for the random allocation of mitaa. | Public education/community mobilization | Stigma reduction activities | 2. Facilitating conditions for community mobilisation, community organization, community ownership or community control over emergency relief in general | 2.3 Other | Individual | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 2-3 hours | weekly sessions | N/A | Peer | N/A | Carlson | 2012 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22703885/ | N/A | SSM | Journal Article | |||||
| 52 | PSS | Collaborative HIV prevention and Adolescent Mental Health family Program (CHAMP) | Interpersonal | Observational | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | CHAMP’s family interventions are developmentally grounded, targeting youth before and during the puberty transition. The interventions include education and skillbuilding activities to strengthen family-level characteristics that relate to sexual risk taking, such as parental monitoring, discipline effectiveness, conflict resolution, support, and parent/caregiver and youth frequency and comfort in communication about sensitive topics. The interventions also target youth social problem-solving abilities, such as recognition of risk and refusal and assertiveness in handling sexual peer pressure. Preliminary analyses of CHAMP preadolescent data suggest that the program strengthens parental decision-making, increases parent and youth comfort in communication regarding sensitive topics, and increases parental HIV/AIDS knowledge | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)/ Gender-Based Violence (GBV) | Pre-post design | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 32 | Children aged 9-12 years attending participating schools in each of the three sites in KwaZulu-Natal and were deemed eligible if atleast one adult caregiver and preadolescent was able to attend the duration of the intervention | 9-12 | Both | No | South African | Both | External, Social, Internal | Social connectedness, Social networks, Self-efficacy | Social connectedness | N/A | frequency and comfort in parent child discussions on sensitive topics--assesed with a modified version of the Discussions in the Family Measure which included: parent and youth rated the frequency of discussing sensitive topics (e.g., alcohol, drugs, HIV/AIDS, sex). parents and youth rated their comfort level in discussing these topics. | Observed improvement | N/A | Social networks | N/A | social network support: measure was completed by parents who listed the three most important individuals in their lives and rated how often they received help from them, such as supervising children and helping with household chores.- the first person listed was deemed most likely to provide social support. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Self-efficacy | N/A | Condom self efficacy: assessed using the Condom self-efficacy (Paikoff et al., 1995) scale --has 21 items assessing parent and youth confidence in securing and using condoms during sexual activity. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Parental monitoring | Caregivers and youth completed a 13-item scale assessing the level of parental awareness of youths’ whereabouts, friends, and activities | Yes | researcher-community partnership, CHAMP in the U.S., South Africa, and Tand T | private sector and community | There were obvious limitations in each study’s design that affected our interpretation of findings related to intervention impact | Family-focused | Family strengthening intervention | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Family | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | N/A | 2 interview sessions | 13 weeks | Local Volunteer | Community | Baptiste | 2013 | Not available online | N/A | N/A | Journal Article | ||
| 54 | PSS | SCOPSO project | Interpersonal | Quasi-experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Some positive outcomes | Multi-approach interventions | School-based program designed to support orphan and vulnerable children in primary schools. One of the aims is to promote psychosocial wellbeing by: a) ensuring satisfaction of psychosocial needs of OVC; b) creating trusting and supportive environment at schools that allows provision of individualized attention, and personal counselling of children; c) organizing home visits through care providers, and conduct frequent monitoring of physical and emotional conditions of OVC; and d) training Core Care Group to provide support to other OVC care providers to help them cope with stress of their own situation. The service includes provision of recreational services, individual or group counselling services, and life skills education. The project had established counselling rooms in the 400 schools to provide psychosocial support services for the needy OVCs. These centers provided space for open communication among children and teachers, and serve not only OVC but also other children who need psychosocial support. SCOPSO also encourages OVCs to participate in recreational and sport activities, and provides life skills education to the needy OVCs. | HIV | Case-control (non-random) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Pre-Post | 1005 | OVC at schools, guardians, teachers, project coordinators, and other implementing partners | N/A | Both | No | Ethiopian | Both | Function, learning, internal, wellbeing | Performance, Self-esteem/self-worth, Wellbeing | Performance | N/A | N/A | Observed improvement | N/A | Self-esteem/self-worth | N/A | N/A | Observed improvement | N/A | Wellbeing | N/A | N/A | Observed improvement | N/A | Developing life skills, participating in society, and having faith in the future | N/A | Due to time constraint the size of sample schools taken for the study is small (nearly 10%) compared to the total population. However, all possible effort has been made to get adequate information about the project by using multiple tools to collect data from multiple sources. Critical review of reports has been used to get a good picture of the overall national situation of the project. | School-focused | Home visiting | Multi-component counseling | 5. Psychosocial support in education | 5.2 Psychosocial support to classes/groups of children at schools | School | Education | Selective/Secondary prevention | 3 years | Unspecified | N/A | N/A | N/A | Kassahun | 2013 | https://govtribe.com/opportunity/federal-contract-opportunity/performance-evaluation-of-the-school-community-partnership-serving-orphan-and-vulnerable-children-affected-by-hivaids-scopso-project-sol66313000005amended#related-government-files-table | N/A | N/A | Government Report | ||||
| 61 | PSS | Enhanced Intervention | Interpersonal | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Positive outcomes | Peer-based interventions | A group-based peer mentorship program for pregnant women living with HIV. While pregnant and upon receiving an HIV diagnosis, women were invited to attend a series of group meetings (four antenatal, four postnatal) led by HIV-positive peer mentors. The meetings focused on normalizing experiences, physical health and treatment adherence, obtaining child support grants, infant feeding, building social networks, prevention of transmission, and maternal-child bonding. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Repeated Measures | 1200 | 8 clincis total, divided intwo two groups, one with 656 women and the other with 544 women. Women were recruited during pregnancy. | N/A | Female | N/A | South African | Wellbeing, Child development | Quality of life, Child development, Wellbeing | Quality of life | health | EI outperformed SC on 4 of 19 outcomes, indicating signifciant overall benefits in EI cmpared to SC using the binominal test: includes one feeding method first 6 months (formula or brestfeeding); weight for age, brestfed exclusively for at least 6 months, not depressed | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | EI infants were more likely to be fed using one feeding method, to have a larger increases in weight-for-age between birth and 12 months post-birth, and to be breastfed exclusively for at least 6 months. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Wellbeing | General Health Questionnaire | EI mothers reported a larger decrease in depressed mood between baseline and 12 months post-birth than did SC mothers. No info re: adaptation/validation | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | Large baseline differences between conditions on employment status, housing, and maternal chronic illness - clinical differences may be related to subcultural differences and geographic location. The most in-need of intervention are most likely to attend but this is less possible in rural south africa. At several clinics, employers would wait for several pregnant women to complete their antenatal care to return the women to the job site, which prevented women from staying for peer mentor sessions. | Peer-group support | Peer support groups | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Family | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | July 2008 - April 2010 | 8 meetings | Variable | Peer | Clinic/health facility | Rotheram-Borus | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084867 | N/A | PLoS | Journal Article | |||||
| 64 | PSS | Men & Women In Partnership Initiative | Interpersonal | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Specific health topic interventions | The Men & Women in Partnership Initiative was developed to influence inequitable gendered at-itudes, behaviours and expectations among men, with the ultimate aim of reducing intimate partner violence. The initiative centred on creating Men’s Discussion Groups using a 16-session curriculum designed to reduce overall levels of partner violence by: 1) Increasing men’s knowledge about the impact of gender based violence on women, men and children;2) Shifting gender inequitable beliefs and behaviours around violence and household roles; and 3) Providing men with hostility and conflict management skills as part of developing and sustaining new behaviours. By engaging men on a weekly basis over the course of four months, the Men’s Discussion Groups aimed to shift men’s attitudes from basic awareness about the impact and consequences of violence against women and girls to practicing and trialling behaviour change. The Men’s Discussion Groups offered participating men the opportunity to reflect on new attitudes and practice new behaviours within a supportive environment and to encourage social change within an intimate relationship. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 361 | 174 men from 6 communities randomly allocated to receive interventinon, 187 men from 6 communities randomly allocated to control. 255 female partners of participants also interviewed | N/A | Both | No | Ivorians | Men-focused | External, Skills, Harm | Conflict management, Violence reduction | Conflict management | N/A | Men's report of skill in using at least one histility/conflict management technique; women's report of no threats during arguments. The questionnaire was developed in English and French and then translated and back-translated into eight local Ivorian languages. An intensive group translation method was developed by the LSHTM research team where local language speakers translated questions individually and then met as a group (5–10 people) to reach a consensus on the local language interpretation. This interpretation was then checked with the study team and other language groups to ensure that the appropriate and similar meaning was captured across the multiple translations. The final instrument underwent another round of pilot testing and further revision before implementation. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Violence reduction | Intentions and attitudes toward IPV | Men's report of intention to use physical violence against an intimate partner and belief a woman can refuse sex | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Violence reduction | Intimate partner violence exposure | Women's report of experiencing physical and/or sexual IPB in the past 12 months | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | men's involvement in gendered household chores - significant increase relative to control group | N/A | No | limited power to detect statistically significant change due to small number of clusers (all outcomes showed positive trends); risk of selection bias due to self-nomination into intervention group; strong risk of self-report bias; loss to follow up; some women reporting at follow-up (1-year later) were not the same partners as those who reported at baseline | Community norms | Violence prevention | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Group | Protection | Selective/Secondary prevention | 4 months | 16 sessions (weekly) | N/A | Community health worker | Community | Hossain | 2014 | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/339 | N/A | BMCPH | Journal Article | ||||
| 67 | PSS | psychosocial intervention | Interpersonal | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Children | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | An 8-session manualized psychosocial intervention where each youth participant was invited to choose one caregiver to attend the entire intervention. The manual was based on three components: 1) ‘Chuo Cha Maisha’, a youth life skills leadership programme developed and piloted in Tanzania; 2) Mobile Cinema clips: narrative, fictional films, produced and created in Dungu in the local language to address stigma and discrimination and model how young people, parents and the village community could welcome formerly abducted children back into their communities; 3) Relaxation Technique scripts used in Trauma-Focused CBT. | War/Political Conflict/Ethnic Conflict | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Mixed | Repeated Measures | 159 | war-affected children and young people aged 7–18 from the villages of Kiliwa and Li-May in north-eastern DR Congo. 22% of participants had been abduction previously while 73% had a family member abducted | N/A | Both | No | Congolese | Both | Skills, external, social, internal | Coping, Other, Prosocial behavior | Coping | reduce post-traumatic stress reaction symptoms | 8 item Impact of Events Scale (CRIES-8). This 8-item CRIES, which was designed for children over 7 years of age, has an identical factor structure to the 22-item version (Yule, 1997) which was previously validated with a sample of 1,046 war-affected adolescents in eastern DR Congo (Mels, Derluyn, Broekaert, & Rosseel, 2010) (internal reliability range: 0.79–0.84; Cronbach's alpha for the total scale: 0.93). In the current study, internal consistency was 0.557. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Internalizing symptoms | African Youth Psychosocial Assessment Instrument. This measure was developed in northern Uganda after extensive qualitative consultation with young people, caregivers and mental health workers. The AYPA was chosen because it is the only African developed, validated (Betancourt, Yang, Bolton, & Normand, 2014) questionnaire available, had been used in separate studies with war-affected children in the DR Congo (McMullen et al., 2013, O’Callaghan et al., 2013) and includes symptoms of distress which do not appear in Western-developed measures (e.g., muttering to oneself, feeling pain in your heart, sitting with your head in your hand, believing people are chasing you etc.). It also contains behaviours that the intervention sought to target (e.g. drug or alcohol use, reducing exclusion, improving cooperation and sharing etc.) Test-retest reliability (carried out with a subset of 30 participants) for the AYPA was 0.91, inter-rater reliability was 0.58 (n = 26) and internal consistency ranged from 0.637 (conduct) to 0.787 (internalising symptoms). | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Prosocial behavior | externalizing symptoms and conduct behavior problems | African Youth Psychosocial Assessment Instrument. This measure was developed in northern Uganda after extensive qualitative consultation with young people, caregivers and mental health workers. The AYPA was chosen because it is the only African developed, validated (Betancourt, Yang, Bolton, & Normand, 2014) questionnaire available, had been used in separate studies with war-affected children in the DR Congo (McMullen et al., 2013, O’Callaghan et al., 2013) and includes symptoms of distress which do not appear in Western-developed measures (e.g., muttering to oneself, feeling pain in your heart, sitting with your head in your hand, believing people are chasing you etc.). It also contains behaviours that the intervention sought to target (e.g. drug or alcohol use, reducing exclusion, improving cooperation and sharing etc.) Test-retest reliability (carried out with a subset of 30 participants) for the AYPA was 0.91, inter-rater reliability was 0.58 (n = 26) and internal consistency ranged from 0.637 (conduct) to 0.787 (internalising symptoms). | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | community facilitators made sure material was culturally-relevant; translator hired to help with sessions; Development Committee polled villages for a development-related community gift; advisory board helped researchers gain trust of participants | translators, community facilitators; Development Committee; Community Advisory Board | Inability to do a randomized cohort could have led to cross-contimination; study did not examine if participants were able to cope in the wake of a significant stressor (e.g. attack or abduction), had improvements in daily functioning in the wake of the intervention or if the programme successfully protected participants from future mental health problems; heterogeneity of participants | Family-focused | Family strengthening intervention | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Family | Protection | Universal/Primary prevention | 8 sessions | 3 times per week | 2 hour sessions | Local Volunteer | Community | O'Callaghan | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.004 | N/A | CAN | Journal Article | ||
| 68 | PSS | SASA! Activist Kit for Preventing Violence against Women and HIV | Interpersonal | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Adults | Some positive outcomes | Structural interventions | A community mobilization intervention that seeks to change community attitudes, norms and behaviors that result in gender inequality, violence and increased HIV vulnerability for women through a 4-phased approach: Start, Awareness, Support, Action. In Start, local activists are trained, and then they work through the next 3 phases, conducting informal activities within their own social networks. | Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)/ Gender-Based Violence (GBV) | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 4115 | respondents interviewed crossectionally from 4 intervention communities and 4 control communities. Total is 1582 at baseline, 2532 at follow up | N/A | Both | Yes | Ugandan | Both | Perceptions, Harm, External | Other, Violence reduction, Violence reduction | Other | social acceptance of gender inequality | Questions from IPV were same as those used in WHO Multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Questions on attitudes taken from WHO multi-country study then adapted (not specified how) and added. Items used to measure respondents' views on acceptability of a man's use of violence were revised between baseline and follow-up to increase validity+quesiton on acceptability of woman refusing sex also simplified in follow-up due to perceived under-reporting during pre-intervention survey | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Violence reduction | women's past-year experience of IPV | Reports that her partner/most recent partner has done at least one of the following things to her in the past year: • Slapped her or thrown something at her that could hurt her • Pushed her or shoved her or pulled her hair • Hit her with his fist or something else that could hurt her • Kicked her, dragged her or beat her up • Choked or burnt her on purpose • Threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife or other weapon against her • Threatened to use or actually used a panga (stick) against her; Reports that her partner/most recent partner has done at least one of the following things to her in the past year: • Forced her to have sexual intercourse by physically threatening her, holding her down or hurting her in some way • She had sexual intercourse because she was intimidated by him or afraid he would hurt her | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Violence reduction | responses to women experiencing IPV | Reports that during or after the experience, ‘yes’ someone in their community tried to help them AND they did so with at least one of the following responses: • Gathered other people from the community to help • Knocked on their door to stop the fighting • Separated her and her partner during the fighting • Informed a community activist, ssenga, LC or police or other authority • Talked to her afterwards and asked her how she wanted them to help her • Told her to talk to someone else such as a family member, friend, community activist, LC, ssenga or other authority figure | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | risk of social contamination to control sites, lack of statistical power to obtain significance for some effects even with large effect sizes, risk of reporting bias | Community norms | Community mobilization | 2. Facilitating conditions for community mobilisation, community organization, community ownership or community control over emergency relief in general | 2.3 Other | Community | Protection | Universal/Primary prevention | 2.8 years | continuous | N/A | Local Volunteer | Community | Abramsky | 2014 | https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-014-0122-5 | N/A | BMC Med | Journal Article | |||||
| 71 | PSS | VUKA | Interpersonal | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | An adapted version of the Collaborative HIV prevention and Adolescent Mental Health family Program (CHAMP): a multi-session, developmentally timed, family-based intervention for HIV-positive youth and their families aimed to improve family process variables, youth mental health and risk behaviors, and medication adherence. The curriculum follows a cartoon-based story line to facilitate discussion and problem solving within families. Sessions focus on topics including bereavement, HIV knowledge, disclosure, identity and coping, treatment adherence, stigma, caregiver-child communication, puberty, safety in high risk situations, and social support. Sessions are delivered to groups of youth-caregiver dyads and include both multiple family group activities and separate parent and child group activities. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Mixed | Pre-Post | 65 | children age 10-14 living with perinatal HIV and their families | N/A | Both | No | South African | Both | Child development, Internal, Social, Skills | Child development, Symptoms of distress, Other | Child development | Strengths & Difficulties | SDQ - single score including emotional symptoms, conduct, peer relations, hyperactivity, prosocial behavior. Higher score = worse. No info re adaptation | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Symptoms of distress | Depressive symptoms | Child Depression Inventory. Higher score = worse. No info re adaptation | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Other | Youth & Caregiver Communication & Comfort | Family Environment Scale/ Family Assessment Measure. No info re adaptation | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Stigma (youth & caregiver); Self-concept | Westbrook Stigma Scale; Tennessee self-concept scale | No | Pilot RCT - limited sample size may have impacted findings as there were positive (non-significant) trends in some outcomes; self report data; risk of biased sample as recruitment was among families seeking treatment | Family-focused | Family strengthening intervention | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Family | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 3 months | 6 sessions (2/month) | N/A | Community health worker | Clinic/health facility | Bhana | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.806770 | N/A | Aids Care | Journal Article | ||||
| 88 | PSS | Family Strengthening Intervention (FSI) | Interpersonal | Experimental | Focused non-specialist services | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | The FSI-HIV centers on the development of a family narrative to draw upon shared experiences, through four core intervention components: resilience, improved family communication and parenting skills, psycho-education on HIV transmission and status disclosure, and engagement of formal and informal supports | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Mixed | Repeated Measures | 295 | HIV-affected families | N/A | Both | No | Rwandan | Both | Substance use, harm, external, resilience | Alcohol use, Violence reduction, Resilience | Alcohol use | N/A | AUDIT. Caregiver alcohol use was assessed using a version of the AUDIT adapted to suit the Rwandan context. AUDIT screens for problematic alcohol use and has been used across diverse settings (Meneses-Gaya, Zuardi, Loureiro, & Crippa, 2009). The total score was the sum of the 11 items (α = 0.61 in this sample). | Observed improvement | N/A | Violence reduction | N/A | Revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Caregivers who were married or had a partner reported on IPV using an adapted 22-item version of the Conflict Tactics Scale to assess emotional, physical and sexual violence victimization and perpetration. Caregivers reported on the frequency of each form of violence during the past 12 months (0 = not at all, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often). The total score was the sum for all 22 items (α = 0.89 in this sample). | Observed improvement | N/A | Resilience | N/A | depression (g a locally validated version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children); Irritability (Irritability was measured using a 27-item scale of which 21 were from the Irritability Questionnaire (Craig, Hietanen, Markova, & Berrios, 2008); Functioning (25-item WHO Disability Assessment Schedule for Children validated with Rwandan children (α = 0.7)); Resilience (using an adapted version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Connor & Davidson, 2003) and from local qualitative data (α = 0.92)) | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Family-focused | Violence prevention | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Family | Health | Selective/Secondary prevention | 6 weeks | weekly sessions | N/A | Health professional | Home | Chaudhury | 2016 | https://iscollab.org/wp-content/uploads/Chaudhury-2016.pdf | N/A | Aids Care | Journal Article | |||||
| 95 | PSS | READY | Interpersonal | Experimental | Community & Family supports | Sub-Saharan Africa | Mixed | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | Targets family relationships, with emphasis on improving overall communication as well as communication related specifically to economic, emotional, and HIV related topics | Chronic poverty | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Mixed | Repeated Measures | 440 | A total of 237 youth and 203 caregivers from 124 households participated distributed into 4 church groups | N/A | Both | Yes | Kenyan | Both | External, Social, Skills | Social connectedness, Parenting skills, Risk-taking | Social connectedness | family communication | five self-report measures. 1) An eight-item Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale to assess overall quality of communication within adolescent and caregiver dyads; 2) and two seven-item scales measuring frequency and quality of communication about sex and HIV were administered; 3) eight-item measure of whole family communication; 4) eleven-item measure of economic communication and support related to caregiver– child communication about children’s needs and the family’s available resources. | Significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Parenting skills | N/A | Alabama Parenting Questionnaire for parenting practices. Youth also reported on each caregiver’s level of social support provided and the nature of their interactions with each caregiver using 30 items from the Network of Relationships Inventory. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale for youth-level outcomes. | No significant improvement compared to control group | No difference | Risk-taking | N/A | 27 item HIV Knowledge Questionnaire. Sex self-efficacy measure. Sex beliefs scale related to acceptance of risky behaviors and associated beliefs. | No significant improvement compared to control group | Not reported | N/A | N/A | No | the follow-up period did not allow for exploration of longer term effects, a treatment effect could emerge overtime as the adolescents grow older and continue to face new stressors. The lack of longer-term follow up also precluded our ability to evaluate the future preventive effects of the program, particularly on mental health symptoms that are less likely to change immediately in a nonclinical population | Family-focused | Family strengthening intervention | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Family | Health | Universal/Primary prevention | 9 sessions | The second round took place 1-month after the first church completed the intervention but before the second church started. Each additional round of data collection took place 1-month after a church completed the nine-session intervention | 2 hour sessions | Community health worker | Religious Organization | Puffer | 2016 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26985727/ | N/A | JCCP | Journal Article | ||||
| 101 | PSS | Child-Caregiver Advocacy Resilience (ChildCARE) | Interpersonal | Experimental | Community & Family supports | East Asia and Pacific | Both | Some positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | he ChildCARE intervention includes three levels of programming; two are considered in this paper. First, at the child level, children affected by parental HIV participate in ten sessions (i.e., total of 20 hours) of psychosocial group-based intervention (see Table 1 for session topics), with content delivered by trained facilitators in small peer groups at children’s local schools. The child-focused intervention emphasizes the development of personal resilience characteristics (e.g., positive coping skills, emotional regulation, support seeking). At the second level of intervention, caregivers of the children (i.e., biological parents, adoptive parents, or guardians) participate in five sessions (i.e., total of ten hours) of positive parenting training to increase effective parenting skills (e.g., positive discipline strategies, effective communication) and address unique challenges experienced by HIV-affected families. | HIV | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Active | Quantitative | Repeated Measures | 1580 | 790 child/caregiver dyads. A child between the ages of 6- and 17-years-old who had at least one HIV-positive biological parent (i.e., alive or deceased). Children with known HIV infection were excluded from participation, and both child and parental HIV status was verified by children’s primary caregivers | 6-17; caregivers (unclear) | Both | No | Chinese | Both | Resilience, skills | Resilience, Coping | Resilience | N/A | Children's resilience was measured with the ConnorDavidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), a 25-item rating scale that assesses ability to cope with stress and adapt in the face of adversity (Connor and Davidson, 2003). The scale has been translated into Chinese and used in previous resilience studies of Chinese children (Yu and Zhang, 2007; Yu et al., 2011). Cronbach's a for the CD-RISC ranged from 0.88 to 0.90 in the three waves of survey data. | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Coping | N/A | A subscale was adapted from the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist (Ayers et al., 1996) to assess children's positive and active coping strategies. They responded to 12 items on a 4-point Likert scale (1 ¼ strongly disagree to 4 ¼ strongly agree). Cronbach's a for the scale was 0.75 at baseline, 0.81 at 6-months, and 0.82 at 12-months | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Resilience | N/A | Children's experience of positive change in the aftermath of adversity was assessed using a version of e Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children-Revised (PTGI-C-R; Cryder et al., 2006; Kilmer et al., 2009). The PTGI-C-R was previously modified and validated with a sample of Chinese children (Yu et al., 2010). Children responded to eight items on a 4-point scale (0 ¼ never to 3 ¼ often) to indicate their experience of positive effects in the aftermath of trauma (e.g., “I appreciate each day more than I used to”; “I can now handle problems better than I used to”). Cronbach's a ranged from 0.77 to 0.86 in the three waves of the current study. | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Support seeking (a subscale from the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist (Ayers et al., 1996)), hopefulness (a brief hopefulness scale utilized in prior studies with Chinese children (Li et al., 2009)), perceived control over the future (Perceived Control over the Future Scale), self-esteem (16-item scale modeled after a previously developed personality questionnaire (Gosling et al., 2003)), positive emotion (10-item short form, of PANAS), emotion regulation (Emotion Regulation subscale of the Social Competence Scale) | N/A | scales have low reliability | Family-focused | Family strengthening intervention | 3. Strengthening community and family support | 3.2 Stregthening parenting/family supports | Group/Community | N/A | Variable | 20 sessions for children, 5 sessions for caregivers | 20 hours total for children, 10 hours for adults | Unclear (trained facilitators) | School/community | Li | 2017 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.007 | N/A | SSM | Journal Article | ||||||
| 102 | PSS | Happy Families Program: adapted version of the Strengthening Families Program | Interpersonal | Experimental | Community & Family supports | East Asia and Pacific | Children | Positive outcomes | Family-focused interventions | A parenting and family skills training program adapted from the Strengthening Families Program. The program consists of 14 weekly sessions in which caregivers learn parenting skills and children learn social skills in separate groups for the first hour and join together in the second hour for in vivo practice and feedback from facilitators, as well as positive family interaction through structured and unstructured play. | Refugee | Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) | Wait list | Quantitative | Pre-Post | 479 | Burmese migrant and displaced children living in 20 sites in Thailand | N/A | Both | No | Burmese | Both | External, Social, Skills, Child development | Socio-emotional learning, Child development | Socio-emotional learning | N/A | The Child Psychosocial Protective Factors scale is comprised of 14 items on children’s sources of support, positive social skills, positive emotional outlook, and negative self-esteem. All survey items were translated and back translated by native Burmese and Karen speakers fluent in English using a method used previously by the investigators in LMICS (Betancourt et al. 2012). Cognitive interviewing was then used to test the understandability and relevance of each item,and items were modified accordingly. Children report | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | Internalizing symptoms. internalizing problems, consisting of withdrawn/depressed, anxious/ depressed, and somatic complaints (Cronbach’s alpha Achenbach Child Behaivor Checlist 0.84; Youth Self Report 0.95). All survey items were translated and back translated by native Burmese and Karen speakers fluent in English using a method used previously by the investigators in LMICS (Betancourt et al. 2012). Cognitive interviewing was then used to test the understandability and relevance of each item,and items were modified accordingly. Children report | No significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | Child development | N/A | Externalizing problems. consisting of ag- gressive behavior, rule-breaking behavior, and social problems (Cronbach’s alpha CBCL 0.83; YSR 0.96). All survey items were translated and back translated by native Burmese and Karen speakers fluent in English using a method used previously by the investigators in LMICS (Betancourt et al. 2012). Cognitive interviewing was then used to test the understandability and relevance of each item,and items were modified accordingly. Children report | Significant improvement compared to control group | N/A | (3) attention problem, which included the attention subscale only (Cronbach’s alpha CBCL 0.73; YSR 0.87). The attention prob- lem subscale is commonly combined with the thought prob- lems subscale but it was not included in this study. All survey items were translated and back translated by native Burmese and Karen speakers fluent in English using a method used previously by the investigators in LMICS (Betancourt et al. 2012). Cognitive interviewing was then used to test the understandability and relevance of each item,and items were modified accordingly. Children report. No diff. | N/A | Self-report measures, no validated norms for outcome measures, pencil-an-paper method for data collection in 15% of households, wait list rather than active control, and no control group for 6 month post-intervention | Family-focused | Family strengthening intervention | 7. Person-focused psychosocial work | 7.3 Other | Family | Protection | Universal/Primary prevention | 14 weeks | weekly | 2 hour sessions | Local Volunteer | Community | Annan | 2017 | https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.906555 | N/A | PS | Journal Article |